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Microbiology > Chem Final > Flashcards

Chem Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

isotope

A

atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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2
Q

how do you determine the number of protons and neutrons?

A

proton number = electron number = # on the periodic table, to get neutrons you subtract the protons from the atomic mass

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3
Q

atomic structure

A

the structure includes the protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom

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4
Q

electronic structure

A

the structure of the orbitals surrounding a nucleus of an atom

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5
Q

How to determine the amount of orbitals an atom has?

A

using the arrow method, the partnered up down arrows

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6
Q

how many orbitals are in the s orbitals?

A

1

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7
Q

how many orbitals are in the p orbitals?

A

3

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8
Q

how many orbitals are in the d orbitals?

A

5

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9
Q

how many orbitals are in the f orbitals?

A

7

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10
Q

how many orbitals does Ne have?

A

3, (the 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 are all full)

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11
Q

what area of the periodic table is the most electronegative?

A

the upper right corner

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12
Q

what area of the periodic table is the most metallic?

A

the lower left corner

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13
Q

what area of the periodic table has the LEAST ionization energy?

A

the lower left corner

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14
Q

what area of the periodic table has the most electron affinity?

A

the upper right corner

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15
Q

what area of the periodic table has the largest atomic radius?

A

the lower left corner

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16
Q

what is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds/ molecules?

A

ionic has metallic atoms in both the bonds and molecules, while covalent only has non-metallic

17
Q

which is stronger: ionic or covalent bonds?

A

ionic

18
Q

ionic bonds _________ electrons, while covalent bonds _________ electrons, hence why ionic bonds are stronger

A

transfer, share

19
Q

what is enthalpy?

A

the change in energy from reactants to products

20
Q

what does it mean if a reaction is exothermic?

A

it means it gives off energy, the reactants have more energy than the products (a negative final answer)

21
Q

what does it mean if a reaction is endothermic?

A

it means that the reaction absorbs energy, the reactants have less energy than the products (positive final answer)

22
Q

what is specific heat?

A

the amount of heat energy it takes for 1g of a substance to increase by 1 degree C

23
Q

what is the equation used for specific heat?

A

q = (mass) * (constant) * (change in temp.)

24
Q

If 133.0 J of heat are absorbed by 10.0 g of each substance, Substance A (higher SH) will have a _______ temperature change than Substance B (lower SH)

A

smaller

25
Q

If 10.0 g of each substance are warmed from 25.0°C to 35.0°C, Substance A (higher SH) will absorb ______ heat than Substance B (lower SH)

A

more - it takes more energy to change the temperature of A due to its higher SH

26
Q

what does VSEPR stand for? what does it mean?

A

valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, it is used to predict shapes of molecules based on the electrons in a molecule

27
Q

why can bond angles be less than predicted?

A

due to lone pairs, they take up more space than bonds do

28
Q

what are the physical properties associated with intermolecular forces?

A

boiling point, melting point, vapor pressure, evaporation point, viscosity, surface tension and solubility

29
Q

when do you see dipole forces occur?

A

between polar molecules

30
Q

when do you see london dispersion forces occur?

A

between nonpolar molecules

31
Q

what is the valence bond theory?

A

a theory that states covalent bonds occur in the crossing over of orbitals

32
Q

what is hybridization?

A

the redistribution of energy orbitals of individual atoms to give them equal orbitals

33
Q

what is the bond angle and hybridization of a linear molecule?

A

180, sp

34
Q

what is the bond angle and hybridization of a bent molecule with 1 lone pair?

A

120, sp2

35
Q

what is the bond angle and hybridization of a trigonal planar molecule?

A

120, sp2

36
Q

what is the bond angle and hybridization of a bent molecule with 2 lone pairs?

A

109, sp3

37
Q

what is the bond angle and hybridization of a tetrahedral molecule?

A

109, sp3

38
Q

what is the bond angle and hybridization of a trigonal pyramidal molecule?

A

109, sp3

Microbiology (5 decks)

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