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Psych 201 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cornea

A
  • Transparent protective covering
  • Bends the light wave
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2
Q

Aqueous Humor

A
  • A watery substance in the back of the cornea
  • Keeps cornea rounded and glassy
  • Nourishes the eye
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3
Q

Pupil

A
  • An adjustable opening in the center of the iris
  • Constricts and dilates
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4
Q

Iris

A
  • Translucent, donut-shaped muscle
  • Controls the size of the pupil
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5
Q

Lens

A
  • Focuses the visual image on the retina
  • One concave; one convex
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6
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A
  • Change the shape of the lens to bend light rays
  • Ocular accommodation
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7
Q

Vitreous Humor

A
  • Jelly-like substance
  • Most of the eye
  • Gives shape to the eye
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8
Q

Retina

A
  • A multilayered light-sensitive tissue
  • Transduction occurs here
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9
Q

Three Layers of the Retina

A
  1. Photoreceptor cells
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion neurons
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10
Q
  1. Photoreceptors
A
  • Perform transduction
    1. Rods
    2. Cones
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11
Q

Rods

A
  • Highly sensitive to light
  • Function best in dim light
  • Primarily black and white
  • Not sensitive to color
  • Periphery of the eye
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12
Q

Cones

A
  • Less sensitive to light
  • Better in bright light
  • Distinguish colors
  • Concentrated in the fovea (center)
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13
Q
  1. Bipolar Neurons
A
  • Pass signals from photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells
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14
Q
  1. Ganglion Cells
A
  • On the surface of the retina
  • Generate action potentials
  • Make up the optic nerve
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15
Q

Fovea

A
  • A small area/indentation in the center of the retina
  • Densely packed cones
  • Contains no rods
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16
Q

Blindspot

A
  • Point at which the optic nerve exits the eye
  • No receptor cells
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17
Q

Optic Nerve

A
  • Takes messages to the brain
  • Afferent neurons
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18
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A
  • Constant exposure to unchanging stimulation causes a decrease in the sense organ’s response
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19
Q

Light Adaptation

A
  • Increasing ability to see in the light as time in the light increases
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20
Q

Dark Adaptation

A
  • Increasing ability to see in the dark as time in the dark increases
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21
Q

Three Theories of Color Vision

A
  • Trichromatic Theory
  • Opponent-Process Theory
  • Dual-Process Theory
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22
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Color

A
  • Cones are most sensitive to wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red
  • Short wavelength cones (blue)
  • Medium wavelength cones (green)
  • Long wavelength cones (yellow/red)
  • Cannot explain afterimage
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23
Q

Opponent-Process Theory of Color

A
  • Explains afterimages
  • Color-sensitive visual elements are grouped into opposing pairs that inhibit each other
  • Red-green
  • Blue-yellow
  • Black-white
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24
Q

Dual Process Theory of Color

A
  • Combines the two theories to account for color perception
  • Trichromatic: cones are sensitive to different wavelengths
    Opponent: opponent processes begin in ganglion cells (not in the cones)
  • Cones and ganglion cells
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25
Q

Trichromat

A
  • People with normal color vision
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26
Q

Dichromat

A
  • People who are color-blind in one of the three systems
  • More present in males than females
  • Red-green is the most common form of colorblindness
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27
Q

Monochromat

A
  • People who are completely colorblind
  • Sensitive only to the black-white system
  • Extremely rare
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28
Q

Physical Stimulus for Hearing: Sound

A
  • The repetitive fluctuation in the pressure of a medium such as air or water
  • Molecules of air or fluid collide and then move apart
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29
Q

Amplitude of Sound

A
  • Height from baseline to peak
  • Loudness
  • Higher amplitude = higher sound
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30
Q

Wavelength of Sound

A
  • Distance from peak to peak
  • Timbre
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31
Q

Frequency of Sound

A
  • Number of wavelengths per second
  • Pitch = how high or low the sound is
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32
Q

Timbre

A
  • Quality of sound
  • Complex wave patterns are added to lowest frequency of a sound
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33
Q

Outer Ear

A
  • Pinna
  • Auditory (Ear) Canal
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34
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Ossicles
  • Oval Window
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35
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • Semi-circular canals
  • Vestibular sacs
  • Cochlea
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36
Q

Pinna

A
  • Collects and shapes sound
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37
Q

Auditory Canal

A
  • Funnels sound towards ear drum
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38
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A
  • Eardrum
  • Vibrates
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39
Q

Ossicles

A
  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup)
  • Amplify sound
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40
Q

Oval Window

A
  • Attached to the stapes
  • Sound vibrations pass through
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41
Q

Semi-Circular Canals:

A
  • Vestibular sacs
  • Fluid-filled organs for equilibrium
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42
Q

Cochlea

A
  • Snail-like structure
  • Houses the Organ of Corti
  • Hair cells: receptor cells for the ear
  • Transduction occurs here
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43
Q

Auditory Localization

A
  • Timing of sound arriving at each ear
  • Sound intensity difference at each ear
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44
Q

Deafness

A
  • Damage or deterioration of the delicate structures of the middle and inner ear can cause deafness
  • Conduction or nerve deafness
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45
Q

Conduction Deafness

A
  • Damage in the middle ear - improper vibration
  • Bones of the middle ear fuse together (replace or break apart)
  • Damage to the eardrum
  • Hearing aids
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46
Q

Nerve Deafness

A
  • Damage to the inner ear
  • Damage to the hair cells
  • Damage to the acoustic nerve
  • Occurs gradually with age
  • Cochlear implants
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47
Q

Olfactory Perception

A
  • Sense of smell
  • Nose, mouth, throat
  • Airborne chemicals
  • Olfactory bulb (not the thalamus)
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48
Q

Gustatory Perception

A
  • Taste
  • Mouth - taste buds
  • Chemicals in solutions
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49
Q

Principles of Organization

A
  • Figure-Ground
  • Grouping
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50
Q

Figure-Ground

A
  • We organize stimuli into a figure against a background
  • Salient figure vs. background
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51
Q

Grouping

A
  • Putting things together
  • Forming groups
    1. Similarity
    2. Proximity
    3. Closure
    4. Continuity
52
Q

Grouping by Similarity

A
  • Similar elements
  • Common features
  • Look alike
53
Q

Grouping by Proximity

A
  • Closer objects are perceived as belonging together
54
Q

Grouping by Closure

A
  • Filling in missing contours to form a complete object
55
Q

Grouping by Continuity

A
  • Creating a continuous form/pattern
56
Q

Perceptual Set

A
  • Readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way
  • Expectations, culture, or experience can influence your perceptions
  • Can impact a person’s perception of an object
57
Q

Functional Fixedness

A
  • The intended function of an object actually hinders your ability to see its other potential uses
58
Q

Perceptual Constancies

A
  • Perceiving something as staying the same despite change
  • Stable perception even though sensory input is continually changing
59
Q

Size Constancy

A
  • Changes in size of a retinal image is interpreted as changes in distance
60
Q

Shape Constancy

A
  • The perceived shape of an object remains the same, even when seen at different angles
61
Q

Brightness/Color Constancy

A
  • Brightness or color of an object remains the same under different conditions of illumination
62
Q

Depth Perception

A
  • Distance between objects
  • How near or far away objects are
    1. Binocular cues
    2. Monocular cues
63
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A
  • Require the use of both eyes
    1. Eye convergence
    2. Binocular Disparity
64
Q

Eye Convergence

A
  • Produced by feedback from the muscles in your eyes
  • Your eyes rotate inward to view a close object or project it onto the retina
65
Q

Binocular Disparity

A
  • Each eye sees a slightly different image
  • Slightly different viewing angle in each eye
66
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

A
  • Cues about distance that require only one eye
    1. Pictorial Depth Cues
    2. Non-Pictorial Depth Cues
67
Q

Pictorial Depth Cues

A
  • Cues about distance that can be given in a flat picture
    1. Linear Perspective
    2. Interposition
    3. Elevation
    4. Texture Gradient
    5. Relative Size
68
Q

Linear Perspective

A
  • The perception that parallel lines converge in the distance
69
Q

Interposition

A
  • Objects closer to us may cut off part of our view of more distant objects
70
Q

Elevation

A
  • Closer objects appear lower on the horizontal plane than farther objects
71
Q

Texture Gradient

A
  • Closer objects have greater detail
72
Q

Relative Size

A
  • If two objects are of similar size, the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away
73
Q

Non-Pictorial Cues

A
  • Motion parallax
  • Occular accommodation
74
Q

Motion Parallax

A
  • If we are moving, nearby objects appear to move faster than objects that are farther away ones
75
Q

Ocular Accommodation

A
  • Ciliary muscles push the lens together
  • Rounder = closer
  • Flatter = farther
76
Q

Depth Perception in Infants

A

Visual cliff

77
Q

Perception of Movement

A

Sometimes the size and shape are not important
Is an object moving, how fast is it going, and where is it heading?

78
Q

Real Motion

A

The physical displacement of an object from one point to another (is the object actually moving?)
Figure-Ground: Stimulus crosses different backgrounds (as you pay attention to the figure, the background changes)

79
Q

Apparent Motion

A

Apparent motion
Perception of motion when there is none
Illusions
Stroboscopic Motion (Illusion)
Autokinetic Effect (Illusion)

80
Q

Illusions

A

Compelling but incorrect perceptions
A visual stimulus that “fools” the eye
Stimulus contains misleading cues that do not correspond to reality

81
Q

Ponzo Illusion

A

Linear perspective gives the illusion that two things are different sizes when they are the same size

82
Q

Ames Room Illusion

A

Constructed rooms that make one person look really tall and one person really small

83
Q

Muller-Lyer Illusion

A

How we bend the line can affect how long we perceive the line to be

84
Q

Touch

A
  • Skin
  • Physical pressure
  • Transduction occurs in the receptors just below the skin
85
Q

Encoding of Intensity of Touch

A
  • Firing rate of individual neurons
  • Number of neurons stimulated
86
Q

Consciousness

A

One’s moment to moment awareness of self and environment (outside world)

87
Q

Conscious

A

Things you are aware of

88
Q

Preconscious

A

Storehouse of all memory (things you can access and easily bring to the conscious)

89
Q

Unconscious

A

Unaware of these things but they have an influence on your behavior (painful, repressed, undesirable, anxiety-provoking thoughts) (cannot be easily brought to the conscious level)

90
Q

Non-Conscious

A

Some events can’t be experienced consciously; totally removed from conscious awareness (mental processes that control our biological functions occur at this level)

91
Q

Altered States

A

Distinctively noticeable or significant differences in psychological and behavioral functioning

92
Q

Sleep

A

One of the most common altered states of consciousness
It was thought of as a time of mental inactivity but researchers have discovered it’s actually an active, complex state

93
Q

EEG

A

Researchers used an EEG to monitor brain wave activities and discovered that distinctive and systematic changes in amplitude and frequency occur in the brainwaves of sleeping people

94
Q

Non-REM Stage 1

A

Light sleep, easily awakened, 1-7 minutes, brain wave pattern becomes more irregular

95
Q

Non-REM Stage 2

A

Deeper level of sleep, transitional phase, sleep spindles - brief bursts of brainwave activity of 1-2 seconds

96
Q

Non-REM Stage 3

A

Deep sleep, delta waves, difficult to wake from this stage, groggy and confused

97
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movements, high arousal, frequent dreaming
Brainwave activity comparable to daytime levels

98
Q

Paradoxical Sleep

A

The body is highly aroused, yet there is very little movement

99
Q

REM Sleep Paralysis

A

Inability to move muscles during REM sleep

100
Q

REM-Rebound Effect

A

Increase the amount of REM sleep after being deprived of sleep (REM sleep)

101
Q

Cycle of sleep

A

1, 2, 3, 2, REM
4-5 cycles

102
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Can lead to fatigue, irritability, and inattention

103
Q

Insomnia

A

Persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
Usually for a month or more
Associated with depression and anxiety

104
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Abrupt shift from an active, often emotional waking state into REM sleep
Often while laughing or experiencing some other emotional state
May experience cataplexy (collapse and immobile)

105
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Sudden stops in breathing; snoring
Hundreds of times every night
No recall of brief awakenings to resume breathing
Causes: genetic predisposition, obesity

106
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

Sleeping infants stop breathing and die
Most common cause of unexpected infant death between ages of one month and one year
Associated with low birth weight, smoking, brain stem development, and genetic factors

107
Q

Nightmares

A

Distressing or frightening REM sleep dreams
More toward the morning when time to get up
Occurs in about 4% of the general population
Higher % in those suffering from PTSD

108
Q

Sleep Terror

A

Horrific images during N3 deep sleep
Blood curdling scream
Intensely frightened for 10-30 minutes
Not recall the episode in the morning
Especially common in children - boys

109
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Occurs during non-REM sleep (stage 3: deep sleep)
Usually in childhood
Most sleepwalkers forget activities
Most children simply outgrow
Waking is not harmful

110
Q

REM Behavior Disorder

A

Normal REM paralysis does not occur
Sleepers actually move; act out dreams
Can be dangerous to the dreamer or people nearby

111
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Cycle of behavior and physiological changes that repeat about every twenty-four hours
Changes in body temperature, certain hormonal secretions and other bodily functions

112
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Secretes melatonin:
A hormone that has a relaxing effect on the body

113
Q

Dreams

A

Dreams can last from a few seconds to many minutes
They can be organized or chaotic, realistic or fantasy, peaceful or exciting
Some dreams occur during nREM sleep
Bizarre and vivid ones happen during REM
Some people engage in lucid dreaming
Aware that a dream is a dream when occurring

114
Q

Freud’s Theory on Dreaming

A

Dreams are a disguised form of wish fulfillment

115
Q

Manifest Content

A

what you see in the dream; storyline or plot

116
Q

Latent Content

A

the hidden meaning; symbolism

117
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Drugs whose effect on the brain alter consciousness and other psychological processes

118
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

The study of psychoactive drugs

119
Q

Agonist Drugs

A

Bind to receptors to mimic neurotransmitters’ effects

120
Q

Antagonist Drugs

A

Bind to receptors to block neurotransmitters’ effects

121
Q

Depressants

A

Reduce CNS activity

122
Q

Alcohol

A

Reduces activity in the Cerebral Cortex
Makes some report feeling uninhibited and free
Impairs Hippocampus
Center for forming new memories
Suppresses the Cerebellum
Causes poor motor coordination; lack of balance
Depresses the hindbrain (medulla) mechanisms
May cause fatal problems with breathing and heartbeat regulation

123
Q

Stimulants

A

Increases or speeds up CNS activity
Increase behavioral and mental activity
Ex: Amphetamines, Cocaine, Caffeine

124
Q

Amphetamines

A

Increase alertness and arousal, suppresses your appetite, and can cause or bring on insomnia

125
Q

Opiates

A

Relieve pain
Drowsy effect; induce sleep
Highly addictive class of drugs
Ex: Morphine, Heroin, Codeine

126
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelic drugs
Create a loss of contact with reality
Cause feelings of distorted body image
Cause dream-like fantasies and hallucinations
Ex: LSD, Marijuana, Ketamine

Psych 201 (2 decks)

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