Exam 4

Question 1

What would happen if your inner ears were completely drained of fluid?
a. You would feel disoriented/off balance
b. You would be able to hear more clearly
c. You would not be able to hear at all
d. You would have increased vibration at the oval window
e. More than one of the above would happen.

Answer 1

E. more then one above would happen

You would feel disoriented
and
you would not be able to hear at all

Question 2

Deafness caused by loud sounds often results from damage to which receptor cells?
a. Thermoreceptors
b. Mechanoreceptors
c. Chemoreceptors
d. Electroreceptors
e. Nociceptors

Answer 2

B. mechanoreceptros

Question 3

Which of the following is/are correct?
i. All sensory systems function via depolarization of the receptor cells when a signal arrives
ii. Compound eyes have one lens
iii. Retinal is a transmembrane protein
iv. Rods are responsible for color vision
a. All of the Above
b. Three of the above
c. Two of the above
d. One of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 3

E. non of the above

Question 4

Odorant molecules activate sensory neurons by ________.
a. deflecting the cilia of hairs cells, leading to the release of neurotransmitter
b. binding to retinal, causing a conformational shift
c. binding to membrane-bound receptor proteins in the nasal cavity
d. passing through ion channels and altering membrane potentials
e. altering basilar membrane stiffness to shift response by receptor cells

Answer 4

C. binding to membrane-bound receptors in the nasal cavity

Question 5

Which of the following is/are not present in humans?
i. Photoreceptors
ii. Mechanoreceptors
iii. Magnetoreceptors
iv. Nociceptors
v. Thermoreceptors
a. All of the Above
b. Three of the above
c. Two of the above
d. One of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 5

D. one of the above

magnetoreceptors are not found in humans

also electroreceptors are not found

Question 6

What is the correct pathway for hearing?
a. eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea
b. eardrum, stapes, malleus, incus, cochlea, oval window
c. malleus, incus, stapes, eardrum, oval window, cochlea
d. oval window, eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea

Answer 6

A.

Question 7

Which of these statements about taste is true?
a. Sweetness is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in food.
b. Sodium ions from foods can directly depolarize certain taste cells.
c. All bitter-tasting compounds have the same receptor on taste buds.
d. Sourness is detected when hydrogen ions trigger voltage gated channels on taste cells.
e. More than one of the above is true.

Answer 7

B. sodium ions can directly depolarize certain taste cells

Question 8

How many of the following statements are true?
i. K+ establishes resting potential by leaking across the membrane of the neuron.
ii. SR controls Ca2+ storage that is responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation.
iii. SR is the smallest unit in a muscle cell.
iv. In muscle contraction, filaments get smaller.
a. One is true
b. Two are true
c. Three are true
d. Four are true
e. None are true

Answer 8

B. two are true

K+ establishes restign potential by leaking across membrane

and

Sr controls Ca2+ storage responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 9

Imagine that Dr. Walker is racing (running) against a bird (flying) and a fish (swimming), each with the same mass as Dr. Walker (and each of which are evolved to move in their respective locations….land, air and water, respectively). Which organism would have the highest cost of locomotion during the race?
a. The cost of locomotion would be equal for all three organisms because their mass is equal.
b. The bird would have the highest cost of locomotion because flying is more energetically costly than
running or swimming.
c. The fish would have the highest cost of locomotion because swimming is more energetically costly than
running or flying
d. Dr. Walker would have the highest cost of locomotion because running is more energetically costly than flying or swimming

Answer 9

D. dr. waller has the highest cost of locomotion running is more costly then flying or swimming

Question 10

Which of the following is critical to the function of exoskeletons, endoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons?
a. Muscles extend joints by pushing them.
b. Muscles attach to each of these types of skeletons via tendons.
c. Sets of muscles interact in opposing groups.
d. Segments of the body or limbs are extended when paired muscles relax in unison.
e. None of the above are critical in the functioning of exoskeletons, endoskeletons and hydrostatic
skeletons.

Answer 10

C. muscles work in opposing groups

Question 11

Which of the following is/are true?
i. Smooth muscles are considered voluntary.
ii. Skeletal and cardiac muscles may have more than one nucleus
iii. Intercalated discs play a major role in muscle contraction in the heart.
iv. Cardiac and smooth muscles are unstriated
v. Skeletal muscles contain sarcomeres.
a. One of the above is true
b. Two of the above are true
c. Three of the above are true
d. Four of the above are true
e. All of the above are true

Answer 11

C. three of the above

Skeletal and cardiac have multiple nucleus

Intercalated discs play a major role in muscle contraction

skeletal muscle contain sarcomeres

Question 12

Which of the following events produces the “pull” that is associated with myosin and actin sliding past one another?
a. the binding of ATP to the myosin head
b. the hydrolysis of ATP
c. the release of a phosphate from the myosin head after ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP
d. the myosin head with an empty ATP binding site

Answer 12

C. the release of a phosphate from the myosin head after ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP

Question 13

What is the neurotransmitter that keeps the heartbeat running
a. Acetylcholine
b. Norephinepherine
c. Epinepherine
d. None of the above.

Answer 13

D. none of the above

Heart does run on neurotransmitters.

Question 14

What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?
a. Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis
b. Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions.
c. Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired.
d. Action potentials would be continuously generated, until all of the Ca+ was used up

Answer 14

A. muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis

since the acetylcholine would not be able to bind

Question 15

Osteoporosis is a condition in which the density of bones is decreased so much that the individual is at a higher risk of fractures. The more calcium in the bones, the better the bone density. Which of the following would have the greatest effect on increasing calcium levels in the bones?

a.Calcitonin injection alone
b.Calcitonin receptor blocker alone
c.Calcitonin injection plus parathyroid hormone injection
d.Calcitonin injection plus parathyroid hormone receptor blocker
e.Calcitonin receptor blocker plus parathyroid hormone injection

Answer 15

D. The parathyroid blocker and calcitonin injection

parathyroid hormone is responsible in part for osteoclasts which each away at the bone so by blocking it it promotes bone growth

Question 16

How do steroid hormones differ from polypeptide hormones and most amino-acid-derived hormones?
a.Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and cross plasma membranes readily.
b. Polypeptide and amino-acid-derived hormones are derived from cholesterol, whereas steroid hormones are derived from amino acid precursors.
c.Polypeptide hormones and most amino-acid-derived hormones produce new proteins, whereas steroid hormones activate existing proteins
d.More than one of the above is correct.

Answer 16

A. they are lipid soluble and can cross plasma membranes readily

Question 17

Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of ________.
I. autocrine signal
ii. endocrine signal
iii. paracrine signal
A)Onlyi andii
B) Only ii and iii
C) Only i and iii
D) i, ii, and iii

Answer 17

D. i, ii, iii

autocrine- same cell
paracrine - naigboring cells
endocrine released into the blood

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
a. During birthing contractions, oxytocin is released and acts to stimulate further contractions.
b. When a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a subsequent increase in the
secretion of prolactin.
c. When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases.
d. A stressful stimulus leads to the release of epinephrine, which increases fatty acid and glucose in the blood and cardiovascular activity.

Answer 18

C. negative feedback is releasing something to tell it to stop

Question 19

Removal of which of the following would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human?
a. adrenal glands
b. thyroid gland
c. ovaries (in female) or testes (in male)
d. hypothalamus

Answer 19

D. hypothalamus

it realeses many key hormones

Question 20

Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, and reformation of the gut from that of of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4). What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of different effects of thyroxine?
a. There are many different forms of thyroxine, each specific to a different tissue.
b. Multiple tissues have receptors for thyroxine.
c. Some tissues have membrane receptors for thyroxine while other tissues have thyroxine receptors
within the nucleus
d. There are multiple hormones from the different tissues that directly cause the thyroid to release T4.
e. Both B and C are correct

Answer 20

B. multiple receptors for thyroxine

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual reproduction?
a. It is energetically less costly than sexual reproduction.
b. It provides genetically diverse offspring.
c. It tends to produce many offspring, as compared to sexual reproduction
d. It is logistically simpler than sexual reproduction.

Answer 21

B. it provides genetically diverse offspring

This is a disadvantage

Question 22

Which of the statements below are true, regarding the process of human oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
i. Each process results in four daughter cells, each with 1⁄2 of the genetic makeup of the original
parent cell.
ii. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis are initiated during different stages of development in females and males, respectively.
iii. Polar bodies are produced in spermatogenesis, not oogenesis.
iv. Over the lifetime, the number of sperm released after spermatogenesis greatly
outnumbers the number of eggs released from oogenesis.
a. None of the above are true.
b. One of the above is true.
c. Two of the above are true.
d. Three of the above are true.
e. All of the above are true.

Answer 22

C. two of the above are true

ii. oogenisis and spermatogenesis are initiated during different stages in development

iv. over the lifetime the number of sperm greatly outnuber how many eggs are released from oogenesis

Question 23

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
a. causes the corpus luteum to decrease progesterone secretion
b. facilitates implantation of the embryo
c. is the hormone that is detected in early pregnancy tests
d. Both B and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct

Answer 23

C. it is detected in oregnancy tests

Question 24

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the passage of alcohol between the maternal and fetal circulations in humans?
a. There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier.
b. Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus.
c. The maternal and fetal blood mix directly together in an area with many capillaries, so a barrier is
impossible.
d. Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus, so evolution has resulted in an intermediate level of
filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol.

Answer 24

B. such a barries would block inportant molecules the fetus needs

Question 25

A physician finds that a nine-year-old female patient is entering puberty much earlier than is usual. Such a condition is most likely the result of a tumor in the _____.
a. anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of FSH & LH
b. hypothalamus, producing elevated levels of testosterone
c. posterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of oxytocin
d. ovaries, producing elevated levels of testosterone

Answer 25

A. anterior pituitary produces elevated levels of FSH and LH

Question 26

The drug mifepristone (RU-486) that is in the news a lot these days, terminates pregnancy by ________.
a. blocking progesterone receptors in the uterus
b. inhibiting release of FHS & LH from the pituitary
c. preventing release of the oocyte from the ovary
d. reducing sexual interest
e. prolonging the endurance of the corpus luteum

Answer 26

A. blocking the progesterone receptros

Question 27

Which of the below best describes an autoimmune disease?
a. One in which antibodies are no longer able to be produced by B-cells
b. When the body overproduces immune cells in the bone marrow, forming large tumors
c. One in which the body starts attacking “self” as “non-self”
d. When antigens overpower the immune system and infect multiple types of cells in the body.

Answer 27

C. body attackign “self” and “non srlf”

Question 28

A dendrite cell ___________________.
a. is instrumental in linking the innate and acquired immune systems
b. is capable of phagocytosis.
c. Assists in helping you tell ‘self’ from ‘non-self’
d. Two of the above are correct.
e. All of the first three above (a, b, and c) are correct.

Answer 28

D. two of the above are correct

it is important in linking the innate and acquired immune system

it is capable of phagocytosis

Question 29

Which of the five terms below is correctly defined by the associated phrase?
IMMNOGLOBULIN: Another name for an antibody.
CD4+ T cell: a T- cell that, when activated, results in helper T cells
MEMORY CELL: a type of lymphocyte responsible for maintenance of immunity for years or
decades after an infection
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS: the proteins that actually help B-cells and T-cells work together
a. All are correctly defined
b. Exactly three are correctly defined
c. Exactly two are correctly defined d. Exactly one is correctly defined e. None are correctly defined.

Answer 29

B. exactly three

Immunoglobin is correct

CD4+ is correct

Memory cell is correct

Question 30

If you had O blood type, which of the following blood types would be able to be given to you, without fear of rejection, should you be injured?
a. A
b. B
c. AB
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 30

E. none the above

O is universal dinner but can only recioeve O

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a part of the inflammatory response?
a. Platelets from blood release blood-clotting proteins at a would site.
b. B-cell receptors bind to antigens.
c. Neutrophils remove pathogens by phagocytosis.
d. Macrophages release cytokines that recruit other immune cells.
e. NONE of the above are part of the inflammatory response.

Answer 31

B. b cell receptors bind to antigens

Question 32

How is it that our immune systems can actually cause death – such as sometimes happens in COVID-19 infections?
a. The inflammatory response goes overboard in the lungs, causing them to fill with fluid, suffocating patients.
b. B-cells start to overproduce antibodies, which build up in the lymphatic system, causing clotting and paralysis
c. T-helper cells become overactive, thus making B cells and cytotoxic T-cells to also become overactive, causing them to attack “self”.
d. Fever, part of the inflammatory response, becomes too high, which ends up killing the patient.

Answer 32

A. the inflammatory response goes overboard in the lungs and causes them to fill with fluid