Exam 3

Question 1

Which of these animals has the lowest mass-specific metabolic rate?
a. Human
b. Elephant
c. Dog
d. Rat

Answer 1

elephant

larger= lower mass specific metabolic rate

Question 2

What does it mean to say that an animal is a homeothermic ectotherm?
a. Its body temperature does not vary, even though it gains most of its heat from sources outside its
body.
b. Its body temperature varies because it gains most of its heat from sources outside its body.
c. Its body temperature varies, but most of its heat is produced by its own tissues
d. Its body temperature does not vary, because most of its heat is produced by its own tissues

Answer 2

A. body temp does not vary( homothermic) gains heat from outside the body( ectotherm)

Question 3

Compared with a larger cell, a smaller cell of the same shape has ________.
a. more surface area
b. greater surface area per unit of volume
c. the same surface-area-to-volume ratio
d. a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio

Answer 3

B. greater surface area per unit of volume

surface area to volume decreases as size increases

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the major types of tissue?
a. Muscle
b. Epithelial
c. Connective
d. Thermal
e. All of the above are major tissue types.

Answer 4

D. thermal

Question 5

You observe two female birds of the same species laying eggs. One female lays 100 eggs and the other female lays 1000 eggs. Which one of the following is NOT likely given the limits of trade-offs in fitness?
a. The female laying 100 eggs breeds more often than the female laying 1000 eggs.
b. The female laying 100 eggs lives longer than the female laying 1000 eggs.
c. The average size of the eggs from the female laying 1000 are larger than the eggs from the
female laying 100.
d. The body size of female laying 1000 eggs is larger than the female laying 100 eggs.

Answer 5

C. the average size would be bigger for the 100 eggs not the 1000

Question 6

Which of the following methods of heat transfer require physical contact between the source of the heat and where the heat is being transferred?
a. Radiation
b. Convection
c. Evaporation
d. Conduction

Answer 6

D. conduction

radiation happens over waves
convection needs airflow
evaporation is one direction
conduction involves contact

Question 7

Biologists have been able to produce mice that lack functioning genes for aquaporins. How would the urine of these mice compare with that of mice with normal aquaporins?
a. Higher volume and higher osmolarity
b. Higher volume and lower osmolarity
c. Lower volume and lower osmolarity
d. Lower volume and higher osmolarity

Answer 7

B. higher volume lower osmolarity

The aquaporins absorb water so with less more volume and more diluted

Question 8

In the drawing at the right with the given solute concentrations, through the process of ___________ water will move ____________ the cell. solution= 285 cell= 500
a. diffusion, into
b. osmosis, into
c. osmosis, out of
d. diffusion; out of

Answer 8

osmosis into

osmosis refers to the movement of water and its moving into inorder to dilute the cell

Question 9

The force driving simple diffusion is ________.
a. ATP
b. a concentration gradient
c. transmembrane pumps
d. phosphorylated protein carriers

Answer 9

B. concentration gradient

Question 10

Marine fish are almost continually under osmotic stress because:
a. They lose water and gain salt across their gills
b. They gain water and lose salt across their gills
c. They gain water and gain salt across their gills
d. They lose water and lose salt across their gills

Answer 10

A. lose water and gain salt across their gills

this puts salt water out of balance

Question 11

Gas exchange in insects takes place across the epithelium of the tracheae system. The tracheal system connects to the outside air by openings called spiracles. Muscles just inside each spiracle can control the opening and closing of the spiracle. What would happen if the muscles inside each spiracle were unable to function and were locked open?
a. Nothing, the insect would be just fine (until someone stepped on it and killed it).
b. The insect would be unable to eliminate carbon dioxide.
c. The insect could potentially experience severe water loss
d. The insect would become paralyzed

Answer 11

C. sever water loss

Question 12

Birds secrete _________ while fish secrete _________ as their nitrogenous waste.
a. uric acid, ammonia
b. ammonia, uric acid
c. uric acid, urea
d. urea, uric acid
e. urea, ammonia

Answer 12

A. uric acid, ammonia

Question 13

Dr. Walker has recently been diagnosed with Type II diabetes mellitus. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of that disease?
a. It can be treated with modified diet and exercise
b. It is due to a resistance of his body to insulin that is being produced
c. It is due to his body not being able to produce insulin
d. It is a disease that is decreasing in incidence in the U.S.
e. More than one of the above is NOT a characteristic of the disease

Answer 13

E. more than one of the above is NOT a characteristic

Type II is not due to his body being unable to produce insulin ( that is type I )

It is not decreasing in incidence

Question 14

Over-the-counter medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of stomach acid. Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication?
a. Goblet cells
b. Chief cells
c. Smooth muscle cells
d. Parietal cells

Answer 14

D. parietal cells

goblet cells- create mucus
Cheif cells - make and release pepsinogen
smooth muscle cells - contraction
parietal calls- gastric acid secretion

Question 15

What is an incomplete digestive tract?
a. a digestive tract that is missing a major compartment – for example, fish lack a large intestine
b. a digestive system with a single opening for ingestion and excretion
c. a reduced or vestigial tract like that found in animals that absorb nutrition directly across the
body wall
d. a ruminant-type tract, like in a cow, where food is regurgitated and re-chewed before digestion
is completed

Answer 15

B. single opening for ingestion and excretion

complete has and entrance and exit

Question 16

A potential (albeit controversial) solution to the problem of obesity would be to surgically reduce the size and absorptive surface area of the ________________, which would result in __________________ nutrient absorption.
a. small intestine; decreased
b. large intestine; decreased
c. small intestine; increased
d. stomach; increased

Answer 16

A. small intesine, decrease

the small intestine is responsible for a major part of nutrients absorption so removing area will decrease intake

the large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolights not neutriants

Question 17

What is secreted into the small intestine to help breakdown proteins?
i. Lipase
ii. Amylase
iii. Pepsinogen
iv. HCl
a. ALL of the above are needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
b. THREE of the above is needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
c. TWO of the above are needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
d. ONE of the above are needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
e. NONE of the above are needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine

Answer 17

E. none of the above

Lipase is secreted into the mouth, stomach and pancreas ( lipids)

Amylase for carbohydrates in mouth and small intestine

pepsinogen in the stomach and turns into pepsin used for protein

Hcl - converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 18

If you chew on an unsalted cracker for a few minutes before swallowing, the mixture of saliva and cracker begins to taste slightly sweet. What is causing that sweet taste?
a. Carbohydrates are being digested by salivary amylase.
b. Proteins are being digested by pepsin.
c. Fatty acids are being digested by lipase in saliva.
d. Lipids are being broken down into simple sugars through mechanical digestion.
e. More than one of the above is happening.

Answer 18

A. carbohydrates are being digested by salivary amylase

Question 19

How is carbon dioxide transported in the circulatory system?
a. Converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells
b. Bound to hemoglobin
c. Transported in the red blood cells as carbonic acid
d. Simply dissolved in the plasma

Answer 19

A. converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells

Question 20

Which of the following is not an advantage of breathing air as compared to breathing water?
a. Air is less dense than water, so it takes less energy to move during ventilation.
b. Air breathing leads to high evaporation rates from the respiratory surface.
c. The oxygen content of air is greater than that of an equal volume of water.
d. Oxygen diffuses faster through air than it does through water.

Answer 20

B. higher evaporation is not an advatage

Question 21

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in ________.
a. the partial pressure of oxygen
b. the partial pressure of carbon monoxide
c. hemoglobin concentration
d. temperature
e. pH

Answer 21

E. Ph

Question 22

What is the partial pressure of oxygen at an atmospheric pressure of 500 mm Hg? *(hint: remember what the percentage of oxygen is in the air around us….). And NO, you shouldn’t need a calculator
a. ~500 mm Hg
b. ~105 mm Hg
c. ~50 mm Hg
d. ~21 mm Hg

Answer 22

B. 105

oxygen is 21% of air

Question 23

Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation?
a. the movement of carbon dioxide gas through the blood of the circulatory system
b. the diffusion of gases into and out of tissues where cellular respiration occurs
c. the movement of oxygen gas through the blood of the circulatory system
d. the diffusion of gases into and out of the circulatory system
e. the movement of the respiratory medium (air/water) past the respiratory surface
(lung/gill)

Answer 23

E. movement of the respiratory medium past the respiratory surface

Question 24

Fick’s law of diffusion describes the factors that influence the diffusion of respiratory gases across
biological membranes like gills and lungs. Fick’s law equation is: Diffusion rate = k *A * (P2 – P1)/D
Which term, if INCREASED, would cause the rate of diffusion to DECREASE the fastest?
a. D
b. A
c. P2
d. k
e. None of the above

Answer 24

A. D

since its the denominator

Question 25

What is measured by the diastolic blood pressure?
a. Pressure in the capillaries in the lungs
b. Pressure during the contraction of the atria/ventricles
c. Pressure during the relaxation of the atria/ventricles
d. Pressure of the blood in the vena cava

Answer 25

C. pressure during relaxation

Question 26

What is the name of the system that is responsible for recycling excess fluid that is lost in the capillary bed of tissues?
a. Recycling system
b. Lymphatic system
c. Plasma recovery system
d. Nervous system

Answer 26

B. lymphaic system

Question 27

The vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the ________.
a. amphibians
b. birds
c. fishes
d. mammals
e. reptiles

Answer 27

C. fishes

Question 28

One of the five pathways below represents a direct flow of blood…with no structures in between. Which one is a direct pathway?
a. left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
b. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → left atrium
c. pulmonary vein→ left atrium → left ventricle → aorta
d. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein
e. right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → left ventricle

Answer 28

C. pulmonary- left atrium- left ventricle - aorta

blood flows in from the vena cava to the right atrium then the right ventricle then to the lungs then left atrium and ventricle then to body

Question 29

In which location would you expect the oxygen partial pressure to be the highest?
a. Blood in the left ventricle
b. Blood entering alveolar capillaries
c. Blood leaving the muscle in your leg
d. Blood in the right atrium

Answer 29

A. blood in left ventricle since it is pumpin git to the body

Question 30

What type of blood vessels have the slowest velocity of blood flow?
a. arteries
b. arterioles
c. veins
d. capillaries

Answer 30

D. capillaries

Question 31

How many of the four characteristics below related to chemical synapses
i. They are faster than electrical synapses
ii. There are fewer of them in the nervous system as compared to electrical synapses
iii. They represent an actual separation between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells,
iv. Neurotransmitters are the molecules that are used to transfer the signal between
presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron
a. NONE of the above are related to chemical synapses
b. ONE of the above is related to chemical synapses
c. TWO of the above are related to chemical synapses
d. THREE of the above are related to chemical synapses e. ALL of the above are related to chemical synapses

Answer 31

C. two of the above

there is an actual separation and neurotransmitters are what is used to transfer the signal

Question 32

What structures in the membrane of neurons are responsible for the propagation of the action potential down the axon of the cell.
a. Na+/K+ ATPase pumps
b. Aquaporins
c. Voltage-gated channels
d. Ligand-gated channels

Answer 32

C. and D.

Question 33

What does the cerebellum control?
a. Memory
b. Homeostasis
c. Motor skills
d. Connection between the spinal cord and brai

Answer 33

C. motor skills

Question 34

You are a mouse. A hawk is swooping down on you from above and your sympathetic nervous system kicks in. Which of the below is happening to you, little mousie?
i. Decreasing digestion
ii. Increasing heartbeat
iii. Dilating pupils
iv. Constricting airways
a. None of the above
b. One of the above
c. Two of the above
d. Three of the above
e. All of the above

Answer 34

D. three of the above

Decreasing digestion,
increasing heartbeat
dilating pupiles

sympathetic response is the fight response

Question 35

The action potential consists of a strong inward flow of ________ ions followed by a strong outward flow of ________ ions.
a. sodium (Na+); potassium (K+)
b. potassium (K+); sodium (Na+)
c. sodium (Na+); chloride (Cl-)
d. potassium (K+); calcium (Ca2+)
e. sodium (Na+); calcium (Ca2+)

Answer 35

A. sodium then potassium

Question 36

Below
are four statements that may describe action potentials?
i. They are slow.
ii. They are all or nothing.
iii. They vary in magnitude and duration.
iv. Once started, they propagate down the entire length of the axon.
a. All of the above are correct
b. Three of the above are correct
c. Two of the above are correct
d. One of the above is correct
e. None of the above are correct

Answer 36

C. two of the above

They are all or nothing and once they stater they propagate down the entire length of the axon