Exam 3 Flashcards
(36 cards)
Which of these animals has the lowest mass-specific metabolic rate?
a. Human
b. Elephant
c. Dog
d. Rat
elephant
larger= lower mass specific metabolic rate
What does it mean to say that an animal is a homeothermic ectotherm?
a. Its body temperature does not vary, even though it gains most of its heat from sources outside its
body.
b. Its body temperature varies because it gains most of its heat from sources outside its body.
c. Its body temperature varies, but most of its heat is produced by its own tissues
d. Its body temperature does not vary, because most of its heat is produced by its own tissues
A. body temp does not vary( homothermic) gains heat from outside the body( ectotherm)
Compared with a larger cell, a smaller cell of the same shape has ________.
a. more surface area
b. greater surface area per unit of volume
c. the same surface-area-to-volume ratio
d. a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio
B. greater surface area per unit of volume
surface area to volume decreases as size increases
Which of the following is not one of the major types of tissue?
a. Muscle
b. Epithelial
c. Connective
d. Thermal
e. All of the above are major tissue types.
D. thermal
You observe two female birds of the same species laying eggs. One female lays 100 eggs and the other female lays 1000 eggs. Which one of the following is NOT likely given the limits of trade-offs in fitness?
a. The female laying 100 eggs breeds more often than the female laying 1000 eggs.
b. The female laying 100 eggs lives longer than the female laying 1000 eggs.
c. The average size of the eggs from the female laying 1000 are larger than the eggs from the
female laying 100.
d. The body size of female laying 1000 eggs is larger than the female laying 100 eggs.
C. the average size would be bigger for the 100 eggs not the 1000
Which of the following methods of heat transfer require physical contact between the source of the heat and where the heat is being transferred?
a. Radiation
b. Convection
c. Evaporation
d. Conduction
D. conduction
radiation happens over waves
convection needs airflow
evaporation is one direction
conduction involves contact
Biologists have been able to produce mice that lack functioning genes for aquaporins. How would the urine of these mice compare with that of mice with normal aquaporins?
a. Higher volume and higher osmolarity
b. Higher volume and lower osmolarity
c. Lower volume and lower osmolarity
d. Lower volume and higher osmolarity
B. higher volume lower osmolarity
The aquaporins absorb water so with less more volume and more diluted
In the drawing at the right with the given solute concentrations, through the process of ___________ water will move ____________ the cell. solution= 285 cell= 500
a. diffusion, into
b. osmosis, into
c. osmosis, out of
d. diffusion; out of
osmosis into
osmosis refers to the movement of water and its moving into inorder to dilute the cell
The force driving simple diffusion is ________.
a. ATP
b. a concentration gradient
c. transmembrane pumps
d. phosphorylated protein carriers
B. concentration gradient
Marine fish are almost continually under osmotic stress because:
a. They lose water and gain salt across their gills
b. They gain water and lose salt across their gills
c. They gain water and gain salt across their gills
d. They lose water and lose salt across their gills
A. lose water and gain salt across their gills
this puts salt water out of balance
Gas exchange in insects takes place across the epithelium of the tracheae system. The tracheal system connects to the outside air by openings called spiracles. Muscles just inside each spiracle can control the opening and closing of the spiracle. What would happen if the muscles inside each spiracle were unable to function and were locked open?
a. Nothing, the insect would be just fine (until someone stepped on it and killed it).
b. The insect would be unable to eliminate carbon dioxide.
c. The insect could potentially experience severe water loss
d. The insect would become paralyzed
C. sever water loss
Birds secrete _________ while fish secrete _________ as their nitrogenous waste.
a. uric acid, ammonia
b. ammonia, uric acid
c. uric acid, urea
d. urea, uric acid
e. urea, ammonia
A. uric acid, ammonia
Dr. Walker has recently been diagnosed with Type II diabetes mellitus. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of that disease?
a. It can be treated with modified diet and exercise
b. It is due to a resistance of his body to insulin that is being produced
c. It is due to his body not being able to produce insulin
d. It is a disease that is decreasing in incidence in the U.S.
e. More than one of the above is NOT a characteristic of the disease
E. more than one of the above is NOT a characteristic
Type II is not due to his body being unable to produce insulin ( that is type I )
It is not decreasing in incidence
Over-the-counter medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of stomach acid. Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication?
a. Goblet cells
b. Chief cells
c. Smooth muscle cells
d. Parietal cells
D. parietal cells
goblet cells- create mucus
Cheif cells - make and release pepsinogen
smooth muscle cells - contraction
parietal calls- gastric acid secretion
What is an incomplete digestive tract?
a. a digestive tract that is missing a major compartment – for example, fish lack a large intestine
b. a digestive system with a single opening for ingestion and excretion
c. a reduced or vestigial tract like that found in animals that absorb nutrition directly across the
body wall
d. a ruminant-type tract, like in a cow, where food is regurgitated and re-chewed before digestion
is completed
B. single opening for ingestion and excretion
complete has and entrance and exit
A potential (albeit controversial) solution to the problem of obesity would be to surgically reduce the size and absorptive surface area of the ________________, which would result in __________________ nutrient absorption.
a. small intestine; decreased
b. large intestine; decreased
c. small intestine; increased
d. stomach; increased
A. small intesine, decrease
the small intestine is responsible for a major part of nutrients absorption so removing area will decrease intake
the large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolights not neutriants
What is secreted into the small intestine to help breakdown proteins?
i. Lipase
ii. Amylase
iii. Pepsinogen
iv. HCl
a. ALL of the above are needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
b. THREE of the above is needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
c. TWO of the above are needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
d. ONE of the above are needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
e. NONE of the above are needed to breakdown fats in the small intestine
E. none of the above
Lipase is secreted into the mouth, stomach and pancreas ( lipids)
Amylase for carbohydrates in mouth and small intestine
pepsinogen in the stomach and turns into pepsin used for protein
Hcl - converts pepsinogen to pepsin
If you chew on an unsalted cracker for a few minutes before swallowing, the mixture of saliva and cracker begins to taste slightly sweet. What is causing that sweet taste?
a. Carbohydrates are being digested by salivary amylase.
b. Proteins are being digested by pepsin.
c. Fatty acids are being digested by lipase in saliva.
d. Lipids are being broken down into simple sugars through mechanical digestion.
e. More than one of the above is happening.
A. carbohydrates are being digested by salivary amylase
How is carbon dioxide transported in the circulatory system?
a. Converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells
b. Bound to hemoglobin
c. Transported in the red blood cells as carbonic acid
d. Simply dissolved in the plasma
A. converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells
Which of the following is not an advantage of breathing air as compared to breathing water?
a. Air is less dense than water, so it takes less energy to move during ventilation.
b. Air breathing leads to high evaporation rates from the respiratory surface.
c. The oxygen content of air is greater than that of an equal volume of water.
d. Oxygen diffuses faster through air than it does through water.
B. higher evaporation is not an advatage
The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in ________.
a. the partial pressure of oxygen
b. the partial pressure of carbon monoxide
c. hemoglobin concentration
d. temperature
e. pH
E. Ph
What is the partial pressure of oxygen at an atmospheric pressure of 500 mm Hg? *(hint: remember what the percentage of oxygen is in the air around us….). And NO, you shouldn’t need a calculator
a. ~500 mm Hg
b. ~105 mm Hg
c. ~50 mm Hg
d. ~21 mm Hg
B. 105
oxygen is 21% of air
Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation?
a. the movement of carbon dioxide gas through the blood of the circulatory system
b. the diffusion of gases into and out of tissues where cellular respiration occurs
c. the movement of oxygen gas through the blood of the circulatory system
d. the diffusion of gases into and out of the circulatory system
e. the movement of the respiratory medium (air/water) past the respiratory surface
(lung/gill)
E. movement of the respiratory medium past the respiratory surface
Fick’s law of diffusion describes the factors that influence the diffusion of respiratory gases across
biological membranes like gills and lungs. Fick’s law equation is: Diffusion rate = k *A * (P2 – P1)/D
Which term, if INCREASED, would cause the rate of diffusion to DECREASE the fastest?
a. D
b. A
c. P2
d. k
e. None of the above
A. D
since its the denominator
