exam 4 Flashcards by Mercy Azanapo

replication of linear chromosomes is initiated at multiple sites creating replication units

Replicons

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Tautomeric shift

most common form of spontaneous replication error

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Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders

Strand slippage during replication

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DNA repair mechanisms

Mismatch repair, Base excision repair, SOS repair, and
Nucleotide excision repair

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take broken DNA fragments and join them together (air prone)

Non-homologous end-joining

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Regulation examples at the 5 levels

-The genome
- Transcription
-Post-transcription
- Translation
- Post-translation

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Chromosome puffs in polytene chromosomes are sites of

transcription

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DNA methylation is gotten from ___

heterochromatin formation

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Epigenetic silencing seen in DNA methylation of

C-G regions of DNA

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Transcriptional control

-Insulator
- Enhancers
- Silencer
- Regulator

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Structural motifs associated with transcriptional regulation

helix-loop-helix, zinc finger,
leucine zipper, helix-turn-helix

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DNA binding both eukaryotic and prokaryotic regulatory transcription factors. consist of two alpha helices, separated by a bend polypeptide chain.

Helix turn helix (1st bind to DNA and 2nd stabilizers the overall configuration)

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made from mRNA that is copied using the reverse transcription. complementary DNA containing genes coding

cDNA library

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takes strands of unknown sequence, and add a primer, various types of nucleotide, and do not continue cycles through. what’s happening is that each end has radioactive labels missing it 3 prime OH- group

Whole genome sequencing

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DNA microarrays and RNA sequencing used to analyze

genes simultaneously

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types of Column chromatography and their separation

ion change (charge)
gel filtration (size)
affinity(antibodies)

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Only ____ of nucleotide bases will vary from person to person, creating features that
make us unique as individuals

0.3%

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Meiosis I produces ______ cells and Meiosis II produces _____ cells

2 diploid
4 haploid

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Crossing over occurs during the Pachytene stage of

prophase I

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protects the cohesions at the centromeres from degradation

Shugoshin protein

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Oocyte arrest in _____ until prompted at ovulation to continue to _______

prophase I
Metaphase II

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RAD51 protein importance in

recombination and repair

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Ways in which sexually reproducing organisms increase genetic variability.

crossing over
random fertilization
independent solvent

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Cancer types

carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, and leukemia

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grow uncontrollable large dark nucleus abnormal chromosome clusters without boundary large shape and size

characteristic of cancer cell

-Anchorage-independent growth (doesn't require substrate) -Inhibition of apoptosis -Tumor suppressor gene inactivation -Increased telomerase activity

Attributes of cancer cells that increase their growth

Judah Folkman suggested that tumors release signaling molecules that trigger angiogenesis, and require new blood vessels for tumor growth

Angiogenesis

will activate into carcinogens in the process of getting raid of it, ends up in making cancer cell

Cytochrome P450

a substance that must be activated in the liver before causing cancer . this activate by the cytochrome P450 enzyme

Precarcinogens

Mechanisms in which carcinogens damage DNA

generate crosslinks between two strands of a double helix creating chemical links between adjacent ends removing individual bases causing breaks in one or both strands

Pyrimidine dimer formation linked to

UV light damage

Viruses that lead to cancer formation:

ep B, Hep C, EBV, and HPV

Tumor suppressor genes

-p53 gene (most common defective gatekeeper gene) - Rb

growth factors, signal receptors, plasma membrane GTP- binding proteins, nonreceptor protein kinases, transcription factors and cell cycle regulators

categories of Oncogene protein

Retinoblastoma =

deletion in the Rb gene

During DNA replication the major type of mutation that occurs are

Spontaneous mispairing of bases through the formation of the tautomer Slippage during replication spontaneous damage to individuals' base

Tautomers are the most common form of spontaneous replication error altering risen structure of the nitrogen space and when this occurs it is called _____ (new daughter strand that carries an incorrect base at that position)

tautomeric shift

_____ is also a spontaneous replication error that does the slippage with the replication machinery

Trinucleotide repeat

Multiple disorders are associated with human trinucleotide repeat disorder which includes

Frogile Xsyndrome Friedrich ataxia Huntington disease myotonic dystrophy

spinal, bulbar muscular atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia, all this affect the

nervous system

Depurination______ Deamination ______

lose of a purine removal of amino group from base

Types of mutagens mutagen causes ___

Environmental mutagen =Chemical and radiation damage

______ is induced by mobile genetic elements found in viruses or transposable element (transposons)

mutation

______ alters DNA structure through a variety of mechanisms.

mutagenic

Uv radiation will cause

pyrimidine dimer formation

correct a single damage base (fill in gap). usually cause a distortion in double-stranded DNA and that's how enzymes are able to recognize it.

base excision repair

where it makes full cups in the backbone on either side of the tension and remove it out.

Nucleotide Excision repair

Mismatch repair

remove abnormal nucleotides and replace them

SOS repair(emergency)

most faulty of repair mechanisms (prone to air)

where we have crossed over (better mechanism for healing broken DNA) and sister chromosome as a template for the other chromosome.

homologous ending

consist of an alpha helix and a two-segment beta sheet held in place by the interaction of cystine and histidine residue with a zinc ion. Produce from protein surface and acts as a point of contact between the protein and the DNA

Zinc fingure

contain a shot alpha helix connected by a loop to another longer alpha helix. contain hydrophobic regions that usually connect two polypeptides

helix loop helix

formed by the interaction between two polypeptide chains, each with regular-spaced leucine residues. interact with one another and interlock, causing two helices to wrap around each other.

Leucine zipper

Types of blotting

Southern blotting Northern blotting Western blottinhg

Southern blot Northern blot Western blot

used to study DNA to study rNA to study protein

whole geno-group

Method used for sequencing random DNA strand

shotgun sequence

The genome

gene amplification, DNA mentilatio

transcription

transcription factors

post-transcription

rNA slicing, caping, other process

translation

degrade mRNA degration

Regulator

regulating the transcription

employed to prevent enhance and Slincer from affecting wrong gene

insulator

employed to prevent enhance and Silencer from affecting wrong gene

insulator

enhancer

enhance gene transcription

silencer

inhibit gene transcription

regulator

regulate the transcription