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Cell biology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

replication of linear chromosomes is initiated at multiple sites creating replication units

A

Replicons

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2
Q

Tautomeric shift

A

most common form of spontaneous replication error

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3
Q

Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders

A

Strand slippage during replication

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4
Q

DNA repair mechanisms

A

Mismatch repair, Base excision repair, SOS repair, and
Nucleotide excision repair

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5
Q

take broken DNA fragments and join them together (air prone)

A

Non-homologous end-joining

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6
Q

Regulation examples at the 5 levels

A

-The genome
- Transcription
-Post-transcription
- Translation
- Post-translation

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7
Q

Chromosome puffs in polytene chromosomes are sites of

A

transcription

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8
Q

DNA methylation is gotten from ___

A

heterochromatin formation

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9
Q

Epigenetic silencing seen in DNA methylation of

A

C-G regions of DNA

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10
Q

Transcriptional control

A

-Insulator
- Enhancers
- Silencer
- Regulator

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11
Q

Structural motifs associated with transcriptional regulation

A

helix-loop-helix, zinc finger,
leucine zipper, helix-turn-helix

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12
Q

DNA binding both eukaryotic and prokaryotic regulatory transcription factors. consist of two alpha helices, separated by a bend polypeptide chain.

A

Helix turn helix (1st bind to DNA and 2nd stabilizers the overall configuration)

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13
Q

made from mRNA that is copied using the reverse transcription. complementary DNA containing genes coding

A

cDNA library

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14
Q

takes strands of unknown sequence, and add a primer, various types of nucleotide, and do not continue cycles through. what’s happening is that each end has radioactive labels missing it 3 prime OH- group

A

Whole genome sequencing

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15
Q

DNA microarrays and RNA sequencing used to analyze

A

genes simultaneously

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16
Q

types of Column chromatography and their separation

A

ion change (charge)
gel filtration (size)
affinity(antibodies)

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17
Q

Only ____ of nucleotide bases will vary from person to person, creating features that
make us unique as individuals

A

0.3%

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18
Q

Meiosis I produces ______ cells and Meiosis II produces _____ cells

A

2 diploid
4 haploid

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19
Q

Crossing over occurs during the Pachytene stage of

A

prophase I

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20
Q

protects the cohesions at the centromeres from degradation

A

Shugoshin protein

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21
Q

Oocyte arrest in _____ until prompted at ovulation to continue to _______

A

prophase I
Metaphase II

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22
Q

RAD51 protein importance in

A

recombination and repair

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23
Q

Ways in which sexually reproducing organisms increase genetic variability.

A

crossing over
random fertilization
independent solvent

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24
Q

Cancer types

A

carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, and leukemia

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25
Q

grow uncontrollable
large dark nucleus
abnormal chromosome
clusters without boundary
large shape and size

A

characteristic of cancer cell

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26
Q

-Anchorage-independent growth (doesn’t require substrate)
-Inhibition of apoptosis
-Tumor suppressor gene inactivation
-Increased telomerase activity

A

Attributes of cancer cells that increase their growth

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27
Q

Judah Folkman suggested that tumors release signaling molecules that trigger angiogenesis, and require new blood vessels for tumor growth

A

Angiogenesis

28
Q

will activate into carcinogens in the process of getting raid of it, ends up in making cancer cell

A

Cytochrome P450

29
Q

a substance that must be activated in the liver before causing cancer . this activate by the cytochrome P450 enzyme

A

Precarcinogens

30
Q

Mechanisms in which carcinogens damage DNA

A

generate crosslinks between two strands of a double helix
creating chemical links between adjacent ends
removing individual bases
causing breaks in one or both strands

31
Q

Pyrimidine dimer formation linked to

A

UV light damage

32
Q

Viruses that lead to cancer formation:

A

ep B, Hep C, EBV, and HPV

33
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

-p53 gene (most common defective gatekeeper gene)
- Rb

34
Q

growth factors, signal receptors, plasma membrane GTP-
binding proteins, nonreceptor protein kinases, transcription factors and cell cycle
regulators

A

categories of Oncogene protein

35
Q

Retinoblastoma =

A

deletion in the Rb gene

36
Q

During DNA replication the major type of mutation that occurs are

A

Spontaneous mispairing of bases through the formation of the tautomer
Slippage during replication
spontaneous damage to individuals’ base

37
Q

Tautomers are the most common form of spontaneous replication error altering risen structure of the nitrogen space and when this occurs it is called _____ (new daughter strand that carries an incorrect base at that position)

A

tautomeric shift

38
Q

_____ is also a spontaneous replication error that does the slippage with the replication machinery

A

Trinucleotide repeat

39
Q

Multiple disorders are associated with human trinucleotide repeat disorder which includes

A

Frogile Xsyndrome
Friedrich ataxia
Huntington disease
myotonic dystrophy

40
Q

spinal, bulbar muscular atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia, all this affect the

A

nervous system

41
Q

Depurination______
Deamination ______

A

lose of a purine
removal of amino group from base

42
Q

Types of mutagens
mutagen causes ___

A

Environmental mutagen =Chemical and radiation
damage

43
Q

______ is induced by mobile genetic elements found in viruses or transposable element (transposons)

A

mutation

44
Q

______ alters DNA structure through a variety of mechanisms.

A

mutagenic

45
Q

Uv radiation will cause

A

pyrimidine dimer formation

46
Q

correct a single damage base (fill in gap). usually cause a distortion in double-stranded DNA and that’s how enzymes are able to recognize it.

A

base excision repair

47
Q

where it makes full cups in the backbone on either side of the tension and remove it out.

A

Nucleotide Excision repair

48
Q

Mismatch repair

A

remove abnormal nucleotides and replace them

49
Q

SOS repair(emergency)

A

most faulty of repair mechanisms (prone to air)

50
Q

where we have crossed over (better mechanism for healing broken DNA) and sister chromosome as a template for the other chromosome.

A

homologous ending

51
Q

consist of an alpha helix and a two-segment beta sheet held in place by the interaction of cystine and histidine residue with a zinc ion. Produce from protein surface and acts as a point of contact between the protein and the DNA

A

Zinc fingure

52
Q

contain a shot alpha helix connected by a loop to another longer alpha helix. contain hydrophobic regions that usually connect two polypeptides

A

helix loop helix

53
Q

formed by the interaction between two polypeptide chains, each with regular-spaced leucine residues. interact with one another and interlock, causing two helices to wrap around each other.

A

Leucine zipper

54
Q

Types of blotting

A

Southern blotting
Northern blotting
Western blottinhg

55
Q

Southern blot
Northern blot
Western blot

A

used to study DNA
to study rNA
to study protein

56
Q
A

whole geno-group

57
Q

Method used for sequencing random DNA strand

A

shotgun sequence

58
Q

The genome

A

gene amplification, DNA mentilatio

59
Q

transcription

A

transcription factors

60
Q

post-transcription

A

rNA slicing, caping, other process

61
Q

translation

A

degrade mRNA degration

62
Q

Regulator

A

regulating the transcription

63
Q

employed to prevent enhance and Slincer from affecting wrong gene

A

insulator

64
Q

employed to prevent enhance and Silencer from affecting wrong gene

A

insulator

65
Q

enhancer

A

enhance gene transcription

66
Q

silencer

A

inhibit gene transcription

67
Q

regulator

A

regulate the transcription

Cell biology (2 decks)

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