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CHEM 103 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens to most of the glucose-6-phosphate in liver versus muscle tissue?

A

In the muscle it is used for energy, in liver it is converted to glucose to be transported in the blood to other cells. It can be converted back to glycogen in the muscle and liver if not needed

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2
Q

What hormone is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels?

A

glucagon

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3
Q

T/F Insulin can enter the cell but glucagon cannot

A

False

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4
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP is: ATP ADP + ? + 7kcal/mole. What is the missing product?

A

inorganic phosphate (Pi)

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5
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis take place?

A

liver

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6
Q

What effect does insulin have on gluconeogenesis?

A

inhibits

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7
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis in humans in anaerobic conditions?

A

lactic acid

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8
Q

T/F The rate of glycolysis decreases when the cell’s ATP concentration is high

A

True

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9
Q

What hormone or hormones will stimulate glycogenolysis in muscle?

A

only epinephrine

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10
Q

What compounds can be converted into new glucose in gluconeogenesis?

A

gylcerol, lactic acid, and some amino acids

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11
Q

What two enzymes are needed by a yeast cell to convert pyruvic acid to ethanol?

A

decarboxylase and dehydrogenase

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12
Q

Why are there no receptor sites on muscle for glucagon?

A

Glycogen in the muscle is only for the muscle and is not affected by low blood sugar

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13
Q

What hormone is called “The famine hormone”

A

glucagon

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14
Q

What functional group or groups are found in a pyruvic acid molecule?

A

ketone and carboxylic acid

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15
Q

Which of these hormones cannot get into the cell?

A

insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine

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16
Q

The enzyme for step 9 in glycolysis is called “Enolase”. What type of enzyme is this?

A

lyase

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17
Q

T/F Without oxygen, a cell cannot do gycolysis

A

False

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18
Q

When glucagon affects a liver cell, a phosphate is attached to both glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase. Which enzyme is activated?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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19
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

only liver

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20
Q

Which statement concerning glycogenolysis is FALSE?

A

It is activated by the secretion of insulin into the bloodstream

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21
Q

Where does glucose to CO2 + H2O take place?

A

all cells

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22
Q

What hormone or hormones will stimulate entry of glucose into the muscle?

A

only insulin

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23
Q

T/F Glucose-6-phosphate (in glycolysis) is always converted into pyruvic acid in both liver and muscle

A

False

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24
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes step 2 of glycolysis?

A

mutase

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25
Q

T/F Digestion cannot take place within a cell

A

True

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26
Q

Where is galactose converted to glucose?

A

liver

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27
Q

T/F the main source of energy for the liver is glycolysis of its own glycogen

A

False

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28
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes step 6 of glycolysis?

A

dehydrogenase

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29
Q

What process converts glycerol to glucose?

A

gluconeogenesis

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30
Q

What reaction in step 6 of glycolysis is endothermic?

A

synthesis of a phosphate ester from inorganic phosphate

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31
Q

Which is true of fatty acids?

A

They can be stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides. They cannot be used by the brain for energy because of the blood/brain barrier and they cannot be used by red blood cells for energy because they have no mitochandria.

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32
Q

How much ATP is produced from glycolysis of 2 glucose molecules?

A

4 ATP

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33
Q

Where is insulin made?

A

pancreas

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34
Q

Glycogenesis occurs under which of the following conditions

A

When digestion of polysaccharides provides high levels of blood glucose

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35
Q

Why is pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid in muscle cells doing anerobic work?

A

To convert NADH back to NAD and muscle cell can only do glycolysis in these conditions, and needs more oxidizing agent for step 6

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36
Q

Which statements about glycolysis are correct?

A

It is found in the cytoplasm, all cells can do it, muscles will do a lot of glycolysis during strenuous exercise and it occurs in aerobic and anaerobic conditions

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37
Q

T/F Fructose needs two phosphates on it before entering step 4 of glycolysis, so that each 3 carbon product will contain a phosphate

A

True

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38
Q

Which statements are true concerning the reaction: glucose-1-phosphate to glycogen?

A

the enzyme needed is glycogen synthetase and the energy needed to synthesize glycogen comes from breaking the high energy phosphate bond on glucose

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39
Q

Where does glycogen to glucose take place?

A

only liver and muscle cells

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40
Q

What is the starting point of glycolysis in a red blood cell?

A

glucose

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41
Q

Which is the highest energy compound?

A

ATP

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42
Q

Which cells need insulin to help the passage of glucose into the cell?

A

liver, muscle, and adipose tissue

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43
Q

T/F The rate of glycolysis decreases when the cell’s ATP concentration is high

A

True

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44
Q

Which of the following is a possible “fate” of pyruvic acid in humans?

A

conversion to acetyl-CoA and reduction to lactic acid in muscle

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45
Q

What effect does insulin have on entry of glucose into a red blood cell?

A

have no effect

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46
Q

How does glucose accumulate in the liver for storage?

A

active transport

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47
Q

Where is the energy coming from to convert fructose-6 phosphate + P1 to fructose-1,6 bisphosphate in step 3 of glycolysis?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P1 which is exothermic

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48
Q

What hydrolysis product of fat digestion can enter the glycolysis pathway?

A

glycerol

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49
Q

What effect does insulin have on glycogenesis?

A

activates

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50
Q

Where is glucagon made?

A

pancreas

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51
Q

What hormone or hormones will inhibit gluconeogenesis?

A

only insulin

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52
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis?

A

mutase (isomerase)

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53
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes step 7 of glycolysis?

A

kinase

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54
Q

T/F Oxidation reactions produce energy, which can be used to drive an endothermic reaction.

A

True

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55
Q

What is the “starting point” of glycolysis for muscle?

A

muscle glycogen and blood sugar after its own glycogen is used up

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56
Q

T/F glucagon will activate triglyceride hydrolysis in adipose tissue.

A

True

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57
Q

where are amino acids stored

A

they are not stored

58
Q

T/F In fermentation in a yeast cell, the six carbon atoms of glucose are converted to three molecules of ethanol

A

False

59
Q

What is the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol called in yeast cells?

A

fermentation

60
Q

What step or steps in glycolysis represent substrate level phosphorylation?

A

step 7 and 10

61
Q

T/F During strenuous exercise the muscle will use its own glycogen first and then the body’s blood sugar

A

True

62
Q

Why is phosphatase found only in the liver?

A

the liver’s glycogen is only for the rest of the body and the phosphate must be removed from glucose-6-phosphate in order for the glucose to leave the liver cell

63
Q

T/F Blood sugar refers to sucrose in the blood

A

False

64
Q

The hormones glucagon and epinephrine primarily control which biochemical pathway?

A

glycogenolysis

65
Q

Where does glycogenesis take place?

A

liver and muscle

66
Q

When will the enzyme glycogen synthetase be most active?

A

when blood sugar is high

67
Q

What is the name of the “secondary messenger” inside of a cell?

A

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

68
Q

What happens when the body produces epinephrine during a crisis?

A

Glycogen in the muscle is broken down to glucose for major muscle work, glycogen in the liver is broken down so that glucose can move into the blood and go to the muscle, and gluconeogenesis is increased so new glucose is produced and moved to the muscle

69
Q

How many pyruvic acids can be made from two sucrose molecules in glycolysis?

A

8

70
Q

What is the purpose of the Cori cycle?

A

move lactic acid out of the muscle, move lactic acid to the liver, and have the liver make “new glucose” in gluconeogenesis

71
Q

What effect does insulin have on fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue?

A

activates

72
Q

What reaction in step 6 of glycolysis is endothermic?

A

synthesis of a phosphate ester from inorganic phosphate

73
Q

What is the final product (or products) of complete aerobic oxidation of pyruvic acid in yeast cells?

A

CO2 and H2O

74
Q

T/F In a coupled reaction, the energy of the exothermic reaction should be larger than the endothermic reaction.

A

True

75
Q

T/F Muscle cannot help regulate blood glucose levels because it lacks the enzyme necessary to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

A

True

76
Q

T/F glycogen stored in the liver is for blood sugar regulation while glycogen in the muscle is only for the muscle

A

True

77
Q

Which compound cannot be converted back to glucose-1-phosphate?

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

78
Q

Which of these hormones cannot get into the cell?

A

insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine

79
Q

T/F The primary purpose of digestion is produce a great deal of ATP

A

False

80
Q

What effect does insulin have on the entry of glucose into a muscle cell?

A

activate

81
Q

What is the “starting point” of glycolysis for all cells?

A

blood sugar

82
Q

What happens when glucagon affects a liver cell?

A

Glucagon sits on a protein on the cell membrane of the liver cell, An enzyme inside the cell catalyzes the reaction of ATP to cAMP, and Enzymes are turned on so that phosphates can be put on glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase

83
Q

Which step of glycolysis create an ATP?

A

step 7 and 10

84
Q

How much CO2 is produced from two sucrose molecules in human glycolysis only?

A

0

85
Q

T/F The same number of ATP will be produced if the cell starts with glucose or glycogen for glycolysis

A

False

86
Q

What hormone or hormones will stimulate gluconeogenesis?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

87
Q

Which step of glycolysis use up ATP?

A

Step 1 and 3

88
Q

Which reaction in step 6 of glycolysis is exothermic?

A

oxidation

89
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

adipose tissue

90
Q

Where is glucose stored?

A

liver and muscle

91
Q

The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate (pyruvic acid). What condition inside the cell is needed to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle?

A

sufficient oxygen

92
Q

Which statement is NOT true concerning glucose in the blood?

A

Glucose cannot be used for energy in red blood cells.

93
Q

Where is epinephrine made?

A

adrenal gland

94
Q

What will deactivate the allosteric enzymes in glycolysis?

A

ATP

95
Q

What hormone is called “The feast hormone”

A

insulin

96
Q

Where does starch to glucose take place?

A

digestive tract

97
Q

What is the amine base part of ATP, NAD and FAD?

A

adenine

98
Q

T/F The conversion of ATP to cAMP is necessary for all hormones

A

False

99
Q

What process converts lactic acid to glucose ?

A

gluconeogenesis

100
Q

What hormone is used to provide the muscles with extra glucose in an emergency?

A

epinephrine

101
Q

What is high blood sugar called?

A

hyperglycemia

102
Q

What is the first reaction in glycolysis, which traps glucose within the cell?

A

phosphorylation of glucose

103
Q

T/F The final product of digestion is CO2 and H2O

A

False

104
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A

accumulation of lactic acid and acidosis

105
Q

What is the sugar part of ATP and NAD and FAD?

A

ribose

106
Q

T/F Glucose can move through a cell membrane while glucose-6-phosphate cannot.

A

True

107
Q

Which is the lowest energy compound?

A

3CO2

108
Q

sulfa drugs resemble the substrate need by bacteria to make folic acid. what type of inhibitor?

A

competitive inhibition

109
Q

inhibitor binds to enzyme at different site than substrate but it can be removed

A

non-competitive inhibition

110
Q

allosteric enzyme inhibitors are examples

A

non competitive inhibition

111
Q

which inhibtion can be reversed by adding an excess of the substrate?

A

competitive inhibition

112
Q

it may form a covalent bond with a side chain in the active site of the enzyme

A

irreversible inhibition

113
Q

what factors affect the activity of all enzymes?

A

temperature

114
Q

what is true of acetylcholine?

A

it contains an ester linkage, it is a neurotransmitter, it is found in the brain and in the synapse between nerves and muscles

115
Q

Which is true of acetylcholinesterase?

A

It is an incredibly efficient enzyme, If permanently inhibited, it can cause over stimulation of muscles, convulsions and death, and It hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline

116
Q

Which is true of the blood clotting cascade mechanism?

A

The original injury will cause the formation of thromboplastin and Prothrombin is an inactive enzyme while thrombin is the active enzyme

117
Q

Which is true of the “actual” clot?

A

It is formed from fibrinogen, It is a fibrous protein, and If it forms in a blood vessel it is called a thrombosis

118
Q

Which is true of digestion?

A

It is mainly hydrolysis reactions

119
Q

Which of the following is NOT a final product of digestion of carbohydrates

A

sucrose

120
Q

Which of the following is not stored?

A

amino acids

121
Q

Which product of digestion does not need a protein channel to get into the blood?

A

fatty acid

122
Q

The products of digestion enter the blood stream from what part of the digestive tract?

A

small intenstines

123
Q

What are produced from the digestion of fats and oils?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

124
Q

Which is true of glycerol?

A

It is produced from the digestion of triglyerides, It is soluble in blood, and All cells can use it for energy

125
Q

Which product of digestion is not soluble in blood?

A

amino acids and fatty acids

126
Q

Which is MOST important for the maintenance of a constant blood sugar concentration?

A

synthesis and breakdown of glycogen in the liver

127
Q

Which is true of diabetes?

A

insulin cannot be given orally since it would be hydrolyzed in the stomach and it can cause hyperglycemia

128
Q

Which is true of insulin?

A

It is a protein and too much insulin

129
Q

Which is true of glycogenolysis?

A

It is done in the liver and muscle, The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the reaction, Inhibited by insulin

130
Q

What are the possible starting materials for gluconeogenesis

A

Some amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol

131
Q

Which is true of glucagon?

A

It is protein hormone

132
Q

Which processes are activated by insulin?

A

fatty acid synthesis

133
Q

Which cells need insulin to facilitate glucose entry?

A

muscle cells

134
Q

What processes are stimulated by epinephrine

A

glycogenolysis in the liver, glycogen is converted to glucose-1-phosphate in the muscles, and Gluconeogenesis in the liver

135
Q

Which is true of the enzyme glycogen synthetase?

A

found in liver and muscle and activated when blood sugar is high

136
Q

What happens when glucagon affects a liver cell?

A

Glucagon sits on
the outside of the liver cell membrane and turns on the cAMP system

137
Q

Muscle cells have no receptor sites for which hormone?

A

glucagon

138
Q

Which is true of glycogen?

A

It is composed of only glucose molecules and muscle uses it for major muscle work

139
Q

Which of the following can get out of a cell using a protein channel?

A

glucose

140
Q

What hormones use the cAMP system?

A

most protein hormones

CHEM 103 (4 decks)

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