Exam 3 Flashcards
How is galactose classified?
monosaccharide
How is glycogen classified?
polysaccharide
How is dextrins classified?
polysaccharide
How is cellulose classified?
polysaccharide
How is sucrose classified?
disaccharide
How is amylopectin classified?
polysaccharide
How is lactose classified?
disaccharide
How is amylase classified?
not a sugar
How is fructose classified?
monosaccharide
Which is true of lactose?
It is called “milk sugar”
It is broken down by the enzyme lactase
“Lactose intolerance” is caused by missing (or deficit amount) of lactase
Cooking milk will cause the lactose to be hydrolyzed
Which of the following are true of sucrose?
It is called “table sugar”
It can be broken down by the enzyme sucrase
It is not synthesized by animals
It is not a “reducing” sugar
Which is true of cellulose?
It is composed of only glucose molecules
It is digested by cows and termites but not humans
In humans, it is used as dietary fiber
Which of the following is not found in starch?
cellulose and fructose
Amylose and amylopectin are both components of starch. How do their structures differ?
Amylose is a linear polysaccharide and amylopectin is a branched polysaccharide
Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates is INCORRECT?
Monosaccharides join together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides by hydrogen bonding
Which statements are correct concerning glycogen?
It is a very branched polysaccharide
It is used to for short-term energy requirements of the body
The hydrolysis of glycogen will produce glucose molecules
Which of the following carbohydrates contain something other than glucose?
sucrose and lactose
Which are soluble in water?
glucose and glyceraldehyde
What are the product or products of maltose and maltase?
glucose
What are the product or products of lactose and lactase?
glucose and galactose
What are the product or products of sucrose and sucrase?
glucose and fructose
What are the product or products of dextrins and amylase?
glucose
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
galactose, glucose, and fructose
Which of the following are disaccharides?
lactose and sucrose
Which of the following are polysaccharides?
glycogen, amylopectin, starch, cellulose
Which of the following can produced from the hydrolysis of starch?
amylopectin, dextrins, maltose, and
amylose
Which of the following are non-reducing sugars?
starch and cellulose
Which of the following are soluble in water?
all monosaccharides, lactose, and sucrose
Which can move through a cell membrane?
ribose, glucose, and galactose
Which is true of dextrins?
they come from the partial hydrolysis of starch
they are used in baby cereal because they are easy to digest
they are used in children’s glue or paste
The following disaccharide is called Melibiose and is found in some plant juices. Which of the following statements are true?
It is composed of two different monosaccharides and it is a reducing sugar
Why can’t humans digest cellulose?
Humans do not possess the enzyme necessary to hydrolyze the Beta (1-4) linkage
T/F The melting point of saturated fatty acids decrease with increasing number of carbons
False
T/F All lipid molecules have a polar end and a non-polar end
False
T/F The ionic end of a phospholipid is the hydrophilic end
True
T/F Triglycerides are the most polar lipids
False
T/F Triglycerides are the most polar lipids
True
T/F Most fats come from animals and most oils from vegetables
True
T/F At room temperature, most fats are solids and most oils are liquids
True
T/F A wax is hard to digest because it has no ester linkage
False
T/F Plants do not contain cholesterol
True
Which statements are true of cholesterol?
It is made in the liver
Excess cholesterol which is not needed by the body is sent to the gall bladder
Cholesterol is synthesized from acetylCo (the product of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism)
Cholesterol is used to make what compounds?
Vitamin D, aldosterone and cortisol (or cortisone), all sex hormones, and all steroid hormones
What steroid hormone regulates Na+ and K+ ions and promotes water retention?
aldosterone
What steroid hormone regulates the conversion of proteins to carbohydrates (under great stress)?
cortisone (or cortisol)
Which statement is true concerning the salt of a fatty acid?
It is called a soap
It is very soluble in water
It is made from basic hydrolysis of a fat
It is made from saponification of a triglyceride
What monosaccharide is found in glycolipids?
galactose
What process will convert a liquid oil into margarine (a more solid lipid)?
hydrogenation
T/F The swelling in an inflammatory response is due to a decrease in permeability of the dilated blood vessels
False
T/F The redness in an inflammatory response is due to the dilation of the blood vessels
True
Which is true of prostaglandin synthesis?
The phospholipid in the tissue cell membrane contains arachidonic acid.
The enzyme “phospholipase” produces “free” arachidonic acid and can be inhibited by steroid drugs like “cortisone shot”
Enzymes like “cyclooxygenase” will convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins
Which is true of prostaglandins?
Extremely potent in very minute amounts
Synthesized in tissue cells only when needed
They usually have a 5 membered ring with two carbon chains coming off the ring
What are the effects of prostaglandins?
Can induce labor
Causes the inflammatory response
Causes fever and pain sensitivity
Some can cause blood clotting and some can prevent blood clotting
Which is true of inflammatory response?
It is caused by prostaglandins
Cortisone and aspirin are both anti-inflammatories but affect different enzymes
In the diseases Tay Sachs, or Niemann-Pick or Gaucher’s, the infant is missing the enzymes to metabolize what type of compounds?
glycolipids (or sphingolipids)
Which is not a purpose of triglycerides?
synthesize proteins
What are the components of Beeswax
fatty acid and long chain alcohol
What are the components of butter?
glycerol and fatty acid
What are the components of a phospholipid?
glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate, and amine alcohol
What are the components of olive oil?
glycerol and fatty acid
Which foods have a high cholesterol content?
eggs, butter, and cheese
How does a protein hormone get into a cell?
cannot get into the cell
Which transports triglycerides made in the liver to the muscles?
VLDL
Which is the least dense of the lipoproteins?
VLDL
Which is called “the bad cholesterol”?
LDL
How does CO2 get out of a cell?
simple diffusion
How does amino acids get into a cell? (going from high concentration to low)
facilitated diffusion
How does glucose accumulate in the liver for storage?
active transport
How does a steroid hormone get into a cell?
simple diffusion
How does cholesterol get into a cell?
simple diffusion
How does a triglyceride get into a cell?
VLDL
Which moves cholesterol from the cells to the liver?
HDL
Which contains the highest % of protein?
HDL
How does a fatty acid get into a cell
simple diffusion
How does sucrose get into the cell?
cannot get into cell
T/F The cell membrane controls the flow of compounds into and out of the cell
True
T/F Cells like mitochandria (which need a large supply of glucose) will have more protein channels than cells that are for insulation
True
T/F All cell membranes have the same % of proteins versus lipids
False
T/F Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both need protein channels
False
T/F Active transport needs energy in the form of ATP
True
T/F An emulsifier keeps a polar compound and a non-polar compound together
True
What is the major component of a cell membrane?
phospholipids
How would the covering on an apple (or on a duck’s feathers) be classified?
wax
How would corn oil be classified?
triglyceride
How would glycogen be classified?
not a lipid
How would arachidonic acid be classified?
fatty acid
How would Vitamin D be classified?
steroid structure