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Psych 315 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what types of variables influence attraction?

A
  1. balance theory and attraction
  2. proximity
  3. similarity
  4. i-sharing
  5. physical attractiveness
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2
Q

what is balance theory and attractions

A

-my enemy’s enemy is my friend
-cognitive dissonance

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3
Q

proximity

A

-the more we see and interact with people the more likely they are to become your friends
-leads to liking because makes it more likely you will come into contact with them

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4
Q

Festinger dorm friendship study

A

live in same dorm AND closer to each other within the dorm —-> friends

functional distance

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5
Q

functional distance

A

you pass by each other more
cops- people with similar last names are more likely to be friends

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6
Q

anticipating interaction

A

we think they will be nice and we behave nicely when interacting with them

-self-fulfilling prophecy –> you think they will be nice –> you’re nice –> they are nice back

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7
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of that stimulus

-study with mice to make them listen to 2 different classical musical composer when eating. always chose tunnel with music they were familiar with

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8
Q

letter-name effect

A

-we tend to have a slight bias to like letter in our own names because you are exposed to your name a lot

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9
Q

similarity

A

-more often than not ppl like ppl similar to them
-facilitates smooth interactions
-validates our own beliefs
-similar people have qualities we like
-expect them to be nice to use

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10
Q

I-sharing

A

-feeling that another person “shares” your subjective experience
-we are drawn toward I-sharers because they give us a sense of existential connection and a feeling of “kindred spirits”

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11
Q

Halo effect

A

belief that attractive people possess a number of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance

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12
Q

passionate love

A

strong feelings of longing, desire, and excitement toward a special person

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13
Q

compassionate love

A

mutual understanding and caring to make the relationship a success

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14
Q

Triangle Theory of Love

A
  1. passion
  2. intimacy
  3. commitment
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15
Q

passion

A

an emotional state characterized by high bodily arousal, desires, and approach motivational states (automatic)

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16
Q

intimacy

A

feeling of closeness, mutual understanding, and concern for each other
-self and emotional disclosure

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17
Q

investment model of relationships

A

3 primary variables that determine if commit or leave
1. rewards (ex: happiness
2. alternatives
3. investments (ex: children, social circles)

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18
Q

According to Gilovich, to create stronger bonds…..

A
  1. be playful, break out of routine: vacation
  2. set reasonable expectations
  3. forgive
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19
Q

Kitty Genovesse

A
  1. bartender in NY took subway home and got killed when she got home
  2. yelled for help but no one helped
  3. because: fear of putting self in danger, belief someone else will step up (bystander effect), not the only case where this happens
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20
Q

Making decision to help

A
  1. notice the incident (emergencies are unannounced AND theres distractions)
  2. interpret as an emergency (social proof)
  3. assume responsibility
  4. know what to do
  5. decide to help
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21
Q

social proof

A

hard to know if something is an emergency or not

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22
Q

social proof study

A

experimenters pour smoke out of a vent:
alone= more likely to help
with confederates= takes longer to help

CONFORMITY!

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23
Q

Seizure experiment

A

1 witness= more willing to help fast
more ppl= less willing to help and slower
why= assuming you do not know how to help and that someone more experienced than you

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24
Q

How to teach a child to be willing to help

A
  1. Teach them to be confident and sure of themselves- think about the greater good
  2. Decide to notice situations- be prepared if something happens
  3. Teaching to help in non-emergency situations
  4. Display helping values yourself- social learning theory
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25
Q

Other factors that play role in helping

A
  1. number of people present ( bystander effect)
  2. helping those you like (similarity, attractiveness)
  3. attribution of victim’s responsibility (ex: escaping police, look innocent, etc)
  4. time pressures
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26
Q

good samaritan study

A

1st speech: content of speech (helping vs employment)
2nd speech: Time (in a hurry vs lots of time)
66% helped if not in a hurry
LOOK AT THIS MORE

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27
Q

How to increase helping

A
  1. reduce ambiguity
  2. learn about helping
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28
Q

prosocial behavior

A

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person (ex: donating, volunteering)

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29
Q

Why do we behave pro-socially?

A
  1. Rewards, punishments
  2. Upsetting to see someone else suffer (motivated to reduce unpleasant tension)
  3. .Reciprocity
  4. Enhancement/ maintenance (want to feel good. Searching for meaning/happiness)
  5. Having a sense of social responsibility
  6. Values: compass guides our actions
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30
Q

Motivations for helping

A

egoistic helping: to receive self-benefit
altruistic helping: to increase another person’s welfare (strong sense of empathy)

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31
Q

Empathy-altruism link

A

-empathy triggers altruistic motive
-can help distinguish altruistic from egoistic helping

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32
Q

empathy

A

ability to put oneself in another’s shoes

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33
Q

extrinsic goals

A

-external goals
-more extrinsic goals —> less likely to be happy
-ex: To be admired by many people, have people comment often about how attractive I look, be rich

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34
Q

intrinsic goals

A

internal goals
-correlated with happiness
-Ex: To work to make the world a better place, To have good friends I can count on, To continue to grow and learn new things

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35
Q

competence

A

most days I feel a sense of accomplishment from what I do

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36
Q

relatedness/ social belonging

A

i really like the people i interact with

37
Q

autonomy

A

i feel like I am free to decide for myself how to live my life

38
Q

what are the 4th and 5th psychological needs?

A
  1. benevolence: pleasure of having a contribution to others”
  2. authenticity: i am true to myself and live in accordance with my values and beliefs
39
Q

what basic psychological need is related ti high stable self-esteem?

A

authenticity

40
Q

3 basic psychological needs

A

competence, relatedness, autonomy

41
Q

hedonic treadmill

A

-most desirable experiences are transitory (passionate love, exhilarating successes, new possessions)
-“SET POINTS” FOR HAPPINESS. WE ALL HAVE OUR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. THIS WILL BE ON EXAM. WE HAVE OUR THINGS THAT WE ARE SORT OF STUCK AT

42
Q

Brickman and Campbell

A

-found accident victims went back to baseline levels of happiness 1 year late (things can’t last too long)
-People dont always bounce back to baseline after native events. Takes longer to get back to normal. Related to “!!!bad things are stronger than good!!!!
-We remember bad things more because evolutionary because we want to remember the bad to be ready

43
Q

What determines happiness?

A

50% genetic
40% intentional activities
10% life circumstances

44
Q

speeding up adaptation to negative events

A
  1. downward social comparison
  2. cognitive reappraisal
  3. socializing
  4. gratitude
45
Q

slowing adaptation to positive events

A

helping others

46
Q

cognitive reappraisal

A

-finding benefits and meaning in negative events
-not ruminating but writing it out
-Right after they write about it they feel sad, but a month later people feel better (they have accepted or figured it out, letting go of it)

47
Q

socializing

A

seeking comfort, help, or advice from others

48
Q

happiness

A

a state of well-being characterized by relative permanence, by dominantly agreeable emotion and natural desire for its continuation
-aka subjective well being (SWB)
-results from internal and external causes
-ultimate goal

49
Q

Gustav Flaubert

A

associated happiness with selfishness and thoughtlessness

50
Q

life domains

A

various domains of life (ex: finances and job)

51
Q

Moderately happy (8-9)

A

higher levels of education and earn most income

Very satisfied teenagers do not seem to pursue education and therefore somewhat limiting their earning in 30s

52
Q

very happy

A

likely to stay in good romantic relationships or volunteer

more similar in terms of its motivational mechanism

53
Q

happiness internal causes

A

-top down influences
1. inborn temperament
2. personality and temperament
3. outlook
4. resilience

54
Q

happiness external causes

A

-the circumstances in which they live
-bottom-up influences
1. sufficient material resources
2. sufficient social resources
3. desirable society

55
Q

inborn temperament

A

our genes influence our happiness. Even when raised apart, identical twins tend to be similar in levels of subjective well-being

56
Q

3 major types of happiness

A
  1. high life satisfaction
  2. frequent positive feelings
  3. infrequent negative feelings

together= subjective wellbeing!!!

57
Q

societal influences on happiness

A
  1. society in which they live
  2. living in an economically developed nation helps
  3. trusting and being able to count on others
  4. conflict
58
Q

Other factors that affect happiness

A

-society influences
-money
-psychological influences
-adaptation

59
Q

psychological influences in happiness

A

aspirations-
social comparisons
adaptations
outlook and resilience

60
Q

adaptation

A

when good/bad events occur, ppl react strong at first, but then their reactions adapt over time and they return to their former levels of happiness

even the best news is not enough to give permanent high

61
Q

outlook and resilience

A

-people who can bounce back from failure and adapt to disappointments

62
Q

aspirations

A

what they want in life (income, occupation, marriage)

63
Q

why is happiness never caused by what happens to us but always includes our outlook on life?

A

outlook and resilience

64
Q

self-report scales

A

assess happiness in how people rate their own happiness levels on self-reported surveys

65
Q

flourishing

A

person feels meaning in life, has close relationships, and feels a sense of mastery over important life activities

66
Q

why were men less selective?

A

-The mere act of physically approaching a potential romantic partner increases attraction to that partner

Physically approaching potential romantic partners causes individuals to:
Evaluate partners as more desirable
Experience greater romantic chemistry with them
Enact behaviors that increase likelihood of a romantic relationship developing

67
Q

between rotators and sitters, who was more selective?

A

sitters

68
Q

what is the likely hood men vs women will accept a date from opposite-sex research confderate?

A

men= 56%
women= 48%
1.2 times

69
Q

possible cause as to why women are more selective

A

females invest more resources in an offspring than males

70
Q

why did hand pressed up rate ideographs as more appealing?

A

embodied approach in nonromantic texts may cause individuals to experience approach-related cognitions in nonromantic context

71
Q

What happened when Non-black participants were trained to pull joystick when pic of Black person appeared subliminally?

A

When pic of white people appeared -> more positive implicit attitudes

72
Q

where does self-confidence prediction come from?

A

situated conceptualization

73
Q

self conceptutalization

A

suggests that general categories become meaningful when paired with particular contexts

74
Q

Embodied-approach idea

A

approaching in romantic contexts activates masculine, agentic self-perceptions

75
Q

sarcity idea

A

being repeatedly approached in romantic contexts makes individuals feel like they have many options

Sitting → increased confidence → weak romantic approach (high selectivity)

76
Q

what does a meaningful experience boil down to?

A
  1. coherence
  2. purpose
  3. existential mattering

experiential appreciation

77
Q

experiential appreciation

A

when people are open to appreciating small experiences, these moments enhance how they view their life
-intrinsically good experiences are good in themselves
-the degree to which one detects and appreciates the intrinsic value of lie expeirences

78
Q

Positive psychology

A

-focuses on strengths, virtues, and talents that contribute to successful functioning and enable individuals and communities to flourish
-empirically based

79
Q

how may psychologically functioning problems in positive psychology be deal with as?

A

the absence, excess, or opposite of strengths rather than traditional diagnostic categories of mental illness

80
Q

VIA

A

-Values in Action!!!!!
-positive psychology counterpart to DSM
-classifies positive human strengths
-to identify their own character strengths and learn how to expand them

81
Q

6 core virtues

A
  1. courage
  2. justice
  3. humanity
  4. temperance
  5. transcendence
  6. wisdom
82
Q

US most commonly endorsed strengths

A
  1. Gratitude
  2. Fairness
  3. Honesty
  4. Kindness
  5. Judgment
83
Q

Worldwide endorsed strengths

A
  1. Gratitude
  2. Zest
  3. Hope
  4. Love
84
Q

what have psychologists relied on for study of meaning in life?

A

self report

85
Q

self reports of meaning in life are association with outcome like:

A
  1. Unhealthy alcohol and drug use
  2. Anxiety and depression
  3. Coping with physical illness
  4. Suicidal ideation
  5. Mortality
  6. Acceptance of death
86
Q

3 interrelated components in the meaning of life +the extra

A
  1. coherence
  2. purpose
  3. significance
  4. experiential appreciation
87
Q

coherence

A

-sense of comprehensibility and one’s life making sense
-“I see how aspects of my life fit together”
-life chances might disrupt this

88
Q

purpose

A

-sense of core goals, aims, and direction in life
-“I have clear aims in life”
-helps people better understand who they are

89
Q

significance

A

-a sense of life’s inherent value and having a life worth living
-“I matter even in the grand scheme of the universe”
-perhaps allows people to transcend their fear of death

Psych 315 (5 decks)

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