Exam 4 Flashcards
what types of variables influence attraction?
- balance theory and attraction
- proximity
- similarity
- i-sharing
- physical attractiveness
what is balance theory and attractions
-my enemy’s enemy is my friend
-cognitive dissonance
proximity
-the more we see and interact with people the more likely they are to become your friends
-leads to liking because makes it more likely you will come into contact with them
Festinger dorm friendship study
live in same dorm AND closer to each other within the dorm —-> friends
functional distance
functional distance
you pass by each other more
cops- people with similar last names are more likely to be friends
anticipating interaction
we think they will be nice and we behave nicely when interacting with them
-self-fulfilling prophecy –> you think they will be nice –> you’re nice –> they are nice back
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of that stimulus
-study with mice to make them listen to 2 different classical musical composer when eating. always chose tunnel with music they were familiar with
letter-name effect
-we tend to have a slight bias to like letter in our own names because you are exposed to your name a lot
similarity
-more often than not ppl like ppl similar to them
-facilitates smooth interactions
-validates our own beliefs
-similar people have qualities we like
-expect them to be nice to use
I-sharing
-feeling that another person “shares” your subjective experience
-we are drawn toward I-sharers because they give us a sense of existential connection and a feeling of “kindred spirits”
Halo effect
belief that attractive people possess a number of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance
passionate love
strong feelings of longing, desire, and excitement toward a special person
compassionate love
mutual understanding and caring to make the relationship a success
Triangle Theory of Love
- passion
- intimacy
- commitment
passion
an emotional state characterized by high bodily arousal, desires, and approach motivational states (automatic)
intimacy
feeling of closeness, mutual understanding, and concern for each other
-self and emotional disclosure
investment model of relationships
3 primary variables that determine if commit or leave
1. rewards (ex: happiness
2. alternatives
3. investments (ex: children, social circles)
According to Gilovich, to create stronger bonds…..
- be playful, break out of routine: vacation
- set reasonable expectations
- forgive
Kitty Genovesse
- bartender in NY took subway home and got killed when she got home
- yelled for help but no one helped
- because: fear of putting self in danger, belief someone else will step up (bystander effect), not the only case where this happens
Making decision to help
- notice the incident (emergencies are unannounced AND theres distractions)
- interpret as an emergency (social proof)
- assume responsibility
- know what to do
- decide to help
social proof
hard to know if something is an emergency or not
social proof study
experimenters pour smoke out of a vent:
alone= more likely to help
with confederates= takes longer to help
CONFORMITY!
Seizure experiment
1 witness= more willing to help fast
more ppl= less willing to help and slower
why= assuming you do not know how to help and that someone more experienced than you
How to teach a child to be willing to help
- Teach them to be confident and sure of themselves- think about the greater good
- Decide to notice situations- be prepared if something happens
- Teaching to help in non-emergency situations
- Display helping values yourself- social learning theory
Other factors that play role in helping
- number of people present ( bystander effect)
- helping those you like (similarity, attractiveness)
- attribution of victim’s responsibility (ex: escaping police, look innocent, etc)
- time pressures
good samaritan study
1st speech: content of speech (helping vs employment)
2nd speech: Time (in a hurry vs lots of time)
66% helped if not in a hurry
LOOK AT THIS MORE
How to increase helping
- reduce ambiguity
- learn about helping
prosocial behavior
any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person (ex: donating, volunteering)
Why do we behave pro-socially?
- Rewards, punishments
- Upsetting to see someone else suffer (motivated to reduce unpleasant tension)
- .Reciprocity
- Enhancement/ maintenance (want to feel good. Searching for meaning/happiness)
- Having a sense of social responsibility
- Values: compass guides our actions
Motivations for helping
egoistic helping: to receive self-benefit
altruistic helping: to increase another person’s welfare (strong sense of empathy)
Empathy-altruism link
-empathy triggers altruistic motive
-can help distinguish altruistic from egoistic helping
empathy
ability to put oneself in another’s shoes
extrinsic goals
-external goals
-more extrinsic goals —> less likely to be happy
-ex: To be admired by many people, have people comment often about how attractive I look, be rich
intrinsic goals
internal goals
-correlated with happiness
-Ex: To work to make the world a better place, To have good friends I can count on, To continue to grow and learn new things
competence
most days I feel a sense of accomplishment from what I do
relatedness/ social belonging
i really like the people i interact with
autonomy
i feel like I am free to decide for myself how to live my life
what are the 4th and 5th psychological needs?
- benevolence: pleasure of having a contribution to others”
- authenticity: i am true to myself and live in accordance with my values and beliefs
what basic psychological need is related ti high stable self-esteem?
authenticity
3 basic psychological needs
competence, relatedness, autonomy
hedonic treadmill
-most desirable experiences are transitory (passionate love, exhilarating successes, new possessions)
-“SET POINTS” FOR HAPPINESS. WE ALL HAVE OUR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. THIS WILL BE ON EXAM. WE HAVE OUR THINGS THAT WE ARE SORT OF STUCK AT
Brickman and Campbell
-found accident victims went back to baseline levels of happiness 1 year late (things can’t last too long)
-People dont always bounce back to baseline after native events. Takes longer to get back to normal. Related to “!!!bad things are stronger than good!!!!
-We remember bad things more because evolutionary because we want to remember the bad to be ready
What determines happiness?
50% genetic
40% intentional activities
10% life circumstances
speeding up adaptation to negative events
- downward social comparison
- cognitive reappraisal
- socializing
- gratitude
slowing adaptation to positive events
helping others
cognitive reappraisal
-finding benefits and meaning in negative events
-not ruminating but writing it out
-Right after they write about it they feel sad, but a month later people feel better (they have accepted or figured it out, letting go of it)
socializing
seeking comfort, help, or advice from others
happiness
a state of well-being characterized by relative permanence, by dominantly agreeable emotion and natural desire for its continuation
-aka subjective well being (SWB)
-results from internal and external causes
-ultimate goal
Gustav Flaubert
associated happiness with selfishness and thoughtlessness
life domains
various domains of life (ex: finances and job)
Moderately happy (8-9)
higher levels of education and earn most income
Very satisfied teenagers do not seem to pursue education and therefore somewhat limiting their earning in 30s
very happy
likely to stay in good romantic relationships or volunteer
more similar in terms of its motivational mechanism
happiness internal causes
-top down influences
1. inborn temperament
2. personality and temperament
3. outlook
4. resilience
happiness external causes
-the circumstances in which they live
-bottom-up influences
1. sufficient material resources
2. sufficient social resources
3. desirable society
inborn temperament
our genes influence our happiness. Even when raised apart, identical twins tend to be similar in levels of subjective well-being
3 major types of happiness
- high life satisfaction
- frequent positive feelings
- infrequent negative feelings
together= subjective wellbeing!!!
societal influences on happiness
- society in which they live
- living in an economically developed nation helps
- trusting and being able to count on others
- conflict
Other factors that affect happiness
-society influences
-money
-psychological influences
-adaptation
psychological influences in happiness
aspirations-
social comparisons
adaptations
outlook and resilience
adaptation
when good/bad events occur, ppl react strong at first, but then their reactions adapt over time and they return to their former levels of happiness
even the best news is not enough to give permanent high
outlook and resilience
-people who can bounce back from failure and adapt to disappointments
aspirations
what they want in life (income, occupation, marriage)
why is happiness never caused by what happens to us but always includes our outlook on life?
outlook and resilience
self-report scales
assess happiness in how people rate their own happiness levels on self-reported surveys
flourishing
person feels meaning in life, has close relationships, and feels a sense of mastery over important life activities
why were men less selective?
-The mere act of physically approaching a potential romantic partner increases attraction to that partner
Physically approaching potential romantic partners causes individuals to:
Evaluate partners as more desirable
Experience greater romantic chemistry with them
Enact behaviors that increase likelihood of a romantic relationship developing
between rotators and sitters, who was more selective?
sitters
what is the likely hood men vs women will accept a date from opposite-sex research confderate?
men= 56%
women= 48%
1.2 times
possible cause as to why women are more selective
females invest more resources in an offspring than males
why did hand pressed up rate ideographs as more appealing?
embodied approach in nonromantic texts may cause individuals to experience approach-related cognitions in nonromantic context
What happened when Non-black participants were trained to pull joystick when pic of Black person appeared subliminally?
When pic of white people appeared -> more positive implicit attitudes
where does self-confidence prediction come from?
situated conceptualization
self conceptutalization
suggests that general categories become meaningful when paired with particular contexts
Embodied-approach idea
approaching in romantic contexts activates masculine, agentic self-perceptions
sarcity idea
being repeatedly approached in romantic contexts makes individuals feel like they have many options
Sitting → increased confidence → weak romantic approach (high selectivity)
what does a meaningful experience boil down to?
- coherence
- purpose
- existential mattering
experiential appreciation
experiential appreciation
when people are open to appreciating small experiences, these moments enhance how they view their life
-intrinsically good experiences are good in themselves
-the degree to which one detects and appreciates the intrinsic value of lie expeirences
Positive psychology
-focuses on strengths, virtues, and talents that contribute to successful functioning and enable individuals and communities to flourish
-empirically based
how may psychologically functioning problems in positive psychology be deal with as?
the absence, excess, or opposite of strengths rather than traditional diagnostic categories of mental illness
VIA
-Values in Action!!!!!
-positive psychology counterpart to DSM
-classifies positive human strengths
-to identify their own character strengths and learn how to expand them
6 core virtues
- courage
- justice
- humanity
- temperance
- transcendence
- wisdom
US most commonly endorsed strengths
- Gratitude
- Fairness
- Honesty
- Kindness
- Judgment
Worldwide endorsed strengths
- Gratitude
- Zest
- Hope
- Love
what have psychologists relied on for study of meaning in life?
self report
self reports of meaning in life are association with outcome like:
- Unhealthy alcohol and drug use
- Anxiety and depression
- Coping with physical illness
- Suicidal ideation
- Mortality
- Acceptance of death
3 interrelated components in the meaning of life +the extra
- coherence
- purpose
- significance
- experiential appreciation
coherence
-sense of comprehensibility and one’s life making sense
-“I see how aspects of my life fit together”
-life chances might disrupt this
purpose
-sense of core goals, aims, and direction in life
-“I have clear aims in life”
-helps people better understand who they are
significance
-a sense of life’s inherent value and having a life worth living
-“I matter even in the grand scheme of the universe”
-perhaps allows people to transcend their fear of death
