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Cell Biology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

organized mass of similar cells with a specific function

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2
Q

The tissue consists of:

A
  • Vertebrates
  • Cells
  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
  • Cell Junction
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3
Q

Vertebrates: 4 types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelium or epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Nerve tissue
  4. Muscle tissue
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4
Q

Cells

A

Themselves (covered in their turn)

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5
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

All material outside of cells but materials made by cells and composed of:
- Fibers
- Ground substance

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6
Q

Fibers

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastic FIber
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7
Q

Ground Substance

A

liquidy -> gel -> granular
- complex macromolecules
- filling in spaces
- lubricants and cushions
- interstitial fluids: blood plasma, lymph fluid

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8
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Specialized structures that connect cells together

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9
Q

Tight Junctions also include occluding junctions, zonulae occludins

A
  • Seal neighboring epithelial cells together tightly enough to prevent liquids from passing between the cells to get to the underlying tissues.
  • Make the epithelial layer water tight
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10
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A
  • adhering junctions: attach cells to each other
  • desmosomes: attach cells to each other
  • hemidesmosomes: attach cells to the underlying ECM
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11
Q

Tethering filaments

A
  • adherins junction: action
  • desmosomes: keratin in epithelial cells, tonofilaments in other tissues
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12
Q

Gap Junctions

A

“tunnel” shaped protein through the plasma membrane of adjacent cells that allows the passage of water, ions, and other small molecules between cells

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13
Q

connexon (gap junctions)

A

The tubular protein composed of 6 proteins each called connexin

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14
Q

Epithelium or epithelial tissue

A

Covers surfaces - forms a continuous layer that covers most body surfaces and cavities:
- classified by cell shape and layering

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15
Q

Simple epithelium

A

One cell thick

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16
Q

Squamous (epithelial tissue)

A

flat, tile like

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17
Q

Cuboidal (epithelial tissue)

A

about as tall as wide

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18
Q

Columnar (epithelial tissue)

A

taller than wide

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19
Q

Basal lamina (epithelial tissue)

A

thin sheet of extracellular proteins-lamina: adhesive fibrous protein and sticky ECM
- anchored to the underlying connective tissue

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20
Q

Basement membrane (basal lamina and connective tissue) (epithelial tissue)

A

not a “cellular” membrane

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21
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers

22
Q

Pseudostratified

A

“appearance of multiple layers” but all cells anchored to basal lamina

23
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Connects, supports, and protects other tissues
  • The bulk of connective tissue is not composed of cells, but extracellular matrix
24
Q

Cells (connective tissue)

A

3 general unspecialized:
1. Fibroblasts
2. Adipose cells
3. Blood cells

25
Q

Fibroblasts (connective tissue)

A

most common type of cell synthesize and maintain ECM
- Large, flat

26
Q

Blood cells (connective tissue)

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

27
Q

Macrophages (connective tissue)

A

eat invading
- organisms, functioning in the immune system

28
Q

most cells (connective tissue)

A

“fire alarm cells”
- initiate immune response

29
Q

Plasma cells (connective tissue)

A
  • B.T cells
  • produce antibodies
30
Q

Extracellular Matrix (connective tissue)

A

fibers- collagen, elastic fibers, ground substance - “background substance” - thick, granular -> liquid, gel-like

31
Q

Interstitial fluid (connective tissue)

A

blood plasma, lymph fluid

32
Q

Collagen (connective tissue)

A

the most common protein in the animal kingdom 25-30% total mass of proteins in the body
- makes up most of fibers in the ECM

33
Q

Collagen filament (connective tissue)

A

3 polypeptide chains that wind each other in super helix
- tough fiber, high tensile strength

34
Q

2 broad classes of connective tissue:

A
  • Connective tissue proper unspecialzed
  • Specialized connective tissue
35
Q

connective tissue proper unspecialized

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • dense connective tissue
36
Q

specialized connective tissue

A
  • adipose tissue
  • blood
  • bone
  • cartilage
37
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

38
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • afferent nerves
  • efferent nerves
39
Q

Afferent nerves

A

sensory organs –> CNS
- optic nerve
- auditory nerve
- touch nerve

40
Q

Efferent nerves

A

CNS –> Effector organ (response)

41
Q

somatic nervous system motor nerve system

A
  • function voluntary
  • under control of brain
42
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • regulates involuntary function
    includes:
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
  • most organ systems
43
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

increase various metabolic processes

44
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

decrease various metabolic processes

45
Q

Neuron

A

specialized to conduct nerve impulses

46
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receive sensory impulses or nerve impulses
  • short, numerous highly branched
47
Q

Cell body

A

“ground the nucleus”
- perikaryon bilk of protoplasm and cell organelles

48
Q

Axon hillock

A

axon potential originates

49
Q

Axon

A

transmits nerve impulses to a receiving cell
- ex. muscle neuron

50
Q

astrocyte

A

metabolic
-life support for neurons
- maintain proper chemical balance in “glia”
- help to maintain the “blood-brain barrier”

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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