exam 4 Flashcards
hydrolysis
drug interacts with water to cleave and break into two fragments
water reacts to degrade drug so do not store in humid environments
ex - chloramephenicol
chemical kinetics and stability
drug degrades faster at higher temps
stability NAPLEX
solution stable: at given concentration, for certain time, temperature, degree of light exposure. decompose faster than solids
solid stable: for certain time, temperature, degree of light exposure
drug compatability
compatability issues for longer infusion times like piperacillin/tazobactam, antibiotics like z-pack, cipro, tobramycin, vancomycin, insulin and vasopressors
temperature and stability
higher temps break down proteins and speed up chemical reactions
most IV drugs are refrigerated for longer stability
exceptions: furosemide and phenytoin crystallize if kept cold
IV drugs like flagyl, moxifloxacin, acetominophen, acyclovir, pentamidine, valproate can be kept at room temp
light exposure NAPLEX
light exposure causes photodegradation and can increase toxicity
amber vials protect from light
Vit. K , nitroprusside, doxycycline must be protected from light during admin
check drug for color changes
stability and degradation NAPLEX
stability: product retains properties and characteristics throughout its period of storage
certain functional groups are susceptible to degradation
degradation: oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, photolysis
oxidation - naplex
ex - oxidation of epinephrine
other known oxidations include carmelization of onions where OH groups oxidize and turn brown
prevent oxidation - protect temp changes, control pH, light protection, low temp, chelating agents (ETDA), antioxidants to remove free radicals
hydrolysis NAPLEX
water causes cleavage of a bond in molecule
likely hydrolyzed: carbonyl, amide, cyclic amide
function of dosage forms
provide accurate dose
promote drug dissolution
promote delivery to site of action
ensure drug stability
control drug deliver to body
determine dosing intervals
hydrolysis mechanism in basic conditions
amide hydtrolysis
nucleophillic attack of hydroxide anion (OH-) on ester of carbonyl group
this forms carboxylic acid and alcohol
nucleophillic attack of hydroxide anion on amide carbonyl group
carboxylic acid and amine formation
how can hydrolysis of esters and lactones be prevented
how can hydrolysis of amides and lactams be prevented
protect from moisture (solid dosage forms like tabs and caps)
protect from heat (hydrolysis is faster at higher temps)
control pH in solution formulations (ester/lactone hydrol is ph-dependent)
oxidation summary
oxidation is a common, complicated route of drug degradation
photolysis is drug degradation caused by exposure to light
many functional groups oxidize
oxidation can be minimized by protecting from air, light, metals and excipients added to formulation
zero order kinetics
degradation of drug in suspension
when the drug concentration in solution is constant like in a suspension
independent of concentration
in the solid state
stability issues for biologics (proteins)
proteins tend to be more fragile than small molecule drugs
biologics are bigger so they have more bonds that can break
biologics can lose activity if they unfold
biologics can aggregate: increase or decrease potency and increase potential for adverse immune response
proteins summary
recombinant proteins like vaccines, stem cells, gene therapy
made from AA and have folded structure
tend to be more fragile than small molecule drugs
one of fastest growing drug classes
protein degradation
chemical degradation: breaks covalent bonds and forms incorrect ones, hydrolytic reactions, oxidation reactions
physical degradation: changes in protein structure without breaking bonds, unfolding, aggregation
hydrolytic reactions
oxidation reactions
aggregation
hydrolytic (chemical): asparagine deamination, peptide bond hydrolysis
oxidation (chemical): methionine oxidation
disulfide bond scrambling
aggregation (physical)
solubility
solubility should be considered with dose
poorly soluble drug can completely dissolve under physiological conditions if dose is small, so dose solubility may be more important
bioavailability
depends not only on having drug in solution but also on drugs permeability
if drug cannot get into solution it will not be bio available
