exam 3 munson Flashcards

1
Q

routes of admin of dosage forms

A

oral - 47%
parenteral (subcutaneous, IM, IV) - 18%
pulmonary - 16%
transdermal - 11%
other - 8%

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2
Q

dosage form

A

route of admin dictates dosage form - oral is most common since it is most stable and easiest

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3
Q

tabs + caps

A

stable
accurate dose
easy to use
low costs
additional functions like CR + ER
not for kids/infants
not for non oral meds

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4
Q

IV

A

fast acting
for those who cant tolerate GI environments
for those who can swallow
expensive
not convenient bc requires help
pain

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5
Q

transdermal patches

A

mostly for local treatment

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6
Q

intranasal spray

A

mostly local treatment
can also be used for systemic drug delivery

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7
Q

solid dosage forms

A

tabs, gelcaps, loose powders, lyophilized powders, controlled release

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8
Q

types of tabs

A

compressed, film coated, enteric coated, multiple compressed, layered, chewable, tablets for solution, effervescent, dispensing

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9
Q

Why tabs?

A

stability, simplicity, portability, compactness, ease, shape, size + weight, compressed + molded

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10
Q

Compressed tabs

A

can have coating or not, formed by compression

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11
Q

sugar coated tabs

A

formed by compression, used for taste masking/identification
enhance stability from oxidation

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12
Q

film coated tabs

A

adds 2-6% weight
can avoid use of moisture
can put markings on tabs

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13
Q

compressed layer tablets

A

multiple comrpession: typically have inner core and coating, inner can be sugar tab
multiple layer:
lightly compress one layer, additional layer added

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14
Q

enteric coated tab

A

resists dissolving in the stomach it dissolves at basic pH. cannot crush or chew

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15
Q

chewable tab

A

designed to be chewed, may help with solubility, may not need water, avoids problems w/ swallowing. example singulair

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16
Q

effervescent tab

A

dissolved in glass of water prior to admin
releases CO2
facilitates fast action

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17
Q

hard gel cap

A

used in most capsules
commonly employed for clinical trials
made of collagen
might snap together or heat sealed

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18
Q

soft gel cap

A

used for liquids, suspensions, pastes, solids
uses two ribbons may have diff colors

19
Q

solid state vs solution

A

solution: faster acting, less stable, more parenteral admin
solid state: slower to act bc must get into solution, more stable, more convienet

20
Q

drug substance to dosage form

A

preformulation: physicochemical properties of the drug
formulation: determining route and composition of final dosage form
solution

21
Q

preformulation: solubility and stability

A

solubility: equilibrium state, max amount of solute that can be dissolved in given amount of solvent
3 states: completely soluble, supersaturated, very supersaturated
physical + chemical stability
solids are very stable
most reactions start at crystal defects
types of reactions: hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, dehydration

22
Q

excipients

A

role: preservative, solubility enhancer, stability enhancer, taste masking
types: diluents, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, glidants, controlled release

23
Q

diluents

A

bulking agents, used to make practical weight for tablet

24
Q

disintegrants

A

breaks up solid dosage form, enhances dissolution

25
binders
gives mechanical strength
26
lubricants
prevents adherence after compaction
27
glidants
improves powder flow
28
formulating dosage forms
physical and chemical properties mechanical properties biopharmaceutical properties
29
physical and chemical properties
aqeuos solubility dissolution rate ionization constant polymorphism amorphous hydroscopicity
30
mechanical properties
compression and compaction
31
manufacturing tab
taking API and turning it into dosage that is stable, soluble, and easy to administer
32
tab manufacturing steps
mixer granulation drying particle size reduction additional mixing tabletting
33
modified release
release where time course, location, or both are altered for therapeutic effect
34
delayed release applications
avoid release in the stomach: by pass acidic environment, minimize stomach irritation chronotherapy: timing drug release to be in harmony w/ bio rhythm
35
stratgey to avoid stomach pH
change drug pH avoid dissolution in the stomach (enteric coated tablets)
36
polymers employed for enteric coatings
pthalate contains one free ionizable COOH group that increases pH values
37
why is release responsive to pH
polymer remains tightly packed at pH 1-2 in stomach polymer ionizes at pH 5-6 in small intestine
38
extended release system
slowly releases drug over period of time greater dose less frequent has higher peaks, but lower lows. zero order release stays in therapeutic range longer
39
diffusion systems
release of drug is determined by diffusion through a poorly water-soluble polymer
40
reservoir device
core of drug is surrounded by poorly water soluble polymeric membrane zero order release
41
matrix device
not zero order release drug is mixed with a polymer and compressed/dispersed in molten wax which is then cooled to solidify this slows down initial release
42
flux from matrix systems
rate of release (flux) is not constant with time it levels out
43
oxycontin
controlled release two absorption half-lives every 12 h for pain chewing these ruin the controlled delivery mechanism