exam 3 munson

Question 1

routes of admin of dosage forms

Answer 1

oral - 47%
parenteral (subcutaneous, IM, IV) - 18%
pulmonary - 16%
transdermal - 11%
other - 8%

Question 2

dosage form

Answer 2

route of admin dictates dosage form - oral is most common since it is most stable and easiest

Question 3

tabs + caps

Answer 3

stable
accurate dose
easy to use
low costs
additional functions like CR + ER
not for kids/infants
not for non oral meds

Question 4

IV

Answer 4

fast acting
for those who cant tolerate GI environments
for those who can swallow
expensive
not convenient bc requires help
pain

Question 5

transdermal patches

Answer 5

mostly for local treatment

Question 6

intranasal spray

Answer 6

mostly local treatment
can also be used for systemic drug delivery

Question 7

solid dosage forms

Answer 7

tabs, gelcaps, loose powders, lyophilized powders, controlled release

Question 8

types of tabs

Answer 8

compressed, film coated, enteric coated, multiple compressed, layered, chewable, tablets for solution, effervescent, dispensing

Question 9

Why tabs?

Answer 9

stability, simplicity, portability, compactness, ease, shape, size + weight, compressed + molded

Question 10

Compressed tabs

Answer 10

can have coating or not, formed by compression

Question 11

sugar coated tabs

Answer 11

formed by compression, used for taste masking/identification
enhance stability from oxidation

Question 12

film coated tabs

Answer 12

adds 2-6% weight
can avoid use of moisture
can put markings on tabs

Question 13

compressed layer tablets

Answer 13

multiple comrpession: typically have inner core and coating, inner can be sugar tab
multiple layer:
lightly compress one layer, additional layer added

Question 14

enteric coated tab

Answer 14

resists dissolving in the stomach it dissolves at basic pH. cannot crush or chew

Question 15

chewable tab

Answer 15

designed to be chewed, may help with solubility, may not need water, avoids problems w/ swallowing. example singulair

Question 16

effervescent tab

Answer 16

dissolved in glass of water prior to admin
releases CO2
facilitates fast action

Question 17

hard gel cap

Answer 17

used in most capsules
commonly employed for clinical trials
made of collagen
might snap together or heat sealed

Question 18

soft gel cap

Answer 18

used for liquids, suspensions, pastes, solids
uses two ribbons may have diff colors

Question 19

solid state vs solution

Answer 19

solution: faster acting, less stable, more parenteral admin
solid state: slower to act bc must get into solution, more stable, more convienet

Question 20

drug substance to dosage form

Answer 20

preformulation: physicochemical properties of the drug
formulation: determining route and composition of final dosage form
solution

Question 21

preformulation: solubility and stability

Answer 21

solubility: equilibrium state, max amount of solute that can be dissolved in given amount of solvent
3 states: completely soluble, supersaturated, very supersaturated
physical + chemical stability
solids are very stable
most reactions start at crystal defects
types of reactions: hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, dehydration

Question 22

excipients

Answer 22

role: preservative, solubility enhancer, stability enhancer, taste masking
types: diluents, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, glidants, controlled release

Question 23

diluents

Answer 23

bulking agents, used to make practical weight for tablet

Question 24

disintegrants

Answer 24

breaks up solid dosage form, enhances dissolution

Question 25

binders

Answer 25

gives mechanical strength

Question 26

lubricants

Answer 26

prevents adherence after compaction

Question 27

glidants

Answer 27

improves powder flow

Question 28

formulating dosage forms

Answer 28

physical and chemical properties
mechanical properties
biopharmaceutical properties

Question 29

physical and chemical properties

Answer 29

aqeuos solubility
dissolution rate
ionization constant
polymorphism
amorphous
hydroscopicity

Question 30

mechanical properties

Answer 30

compression and compaction

Question 31

manufacturing tab

Answer 31

taking API and turning it into dosage that is stable, soluble, and easy to administer

Question 32

tab manufacturing steps

Answer 32

mixer
granulation
drying
particle size reduction
additional mixing
tabletting

Question 33

modified release

Answer 33

release where time course, location, or both are altered for therapeutic effect

Question 34

delayed release applications

Answer 34

avoid release in the stomach: by pass acidic environment, minimize stomach irritation
chronotherapy: timing drug release to be in harmony w/ bio rhythm

Question 35

stratgey to avoid stomach pH

Answer 35

change drug pH
avoid dissolution in the stomach (enteric coated tablets)

Question 36

polymers employed for enteric coatings

Answer 36

pthalate contains one free ionizable COOH group that increases pH values

Question 37

why is release responsive to pH

Answer 37

polymer remains tightly packed at pH 1-2 in stomach
polymer ionizes at pH 5-6 in small intestine

Question 38

extended release system

Answer 38

slowly releases drug over period of time
greater dose less frequent has higher peaks, but lower lows.
zero order release stays in therapeutic range longer

Question 39

diffusion systems

Answer 39

release of drug is determined by diffusion through a poorly water-soluble polymer

Question 40

reservoir device

Answer 40

core of drug is surrounded by poorly water soluble polymeric membrane
zero order release

Question 41

matrix device

Answer 41

not zero order release
drug is mixed with a polymer and compressed/dispersed in molten wax which is then cooled to solidify
this slows down initial release

Question 42

flux from matrix systems

Answer 42

rate of release (flux) is not constant with time
it levels out

Question 43

oxycontin

Answer 43

controlled release
two absorption half-lives every 12 h for pain
chewing these ruin the controlled delivery mechanism