exam 3 munson Flashcards
routes of admin of dosage forms
oral - 47%
parenteral (subcutaneous, IM, IV) - 18%
pulmonary - 16%
transdermal - 11%
other - 8%
dosage form
route of admin dictates dosage form - oral is most common since it is most stable and easiest
tabs + caps
stable
accurate dose
easy to use
low costs
additional functions like CR + ER
not for kids/infants
not for non oral meds
IV
fast acting
for those who cant tolerate GI environments
for those who can swallow
expensive
not convenient bc requires help
pain
transdermal patches
mostly for local treatment
intranasal spray
mostly local treatment
can also be used for systemic drug delivery
solid dosage forms
tabs, gelcaps, loose powders, lyophilized powders, controlled release
types of tabs
compressed, film coated, enteric coated, multiple compressed, layered, chewable, tablets for solution, effervescent, dispensing
Why tabs?
stability, simplicity, portability, compactness, ease, shape, size + weight, compressed + molded
Compressed tabs
can have coating or not, formed by compression
sugar coated tabs
formed by compression, used for taste masking/identification
enhance stability from oxidation
film coated tabs
adds 2-6% weight
can avoid use of moisture
can put markings on tabs
compressed layer tablets
multiple comrpession: typically have inner core and coating, inner can be sugar tab
multiple layer:
lightly compress one layer, additional layer added
enteric coated tab
resists dissolving in the stomach it dissolves at basic pH. cannot crush or chew
chewable tab
designed to be chewed, may help with solubility, may not need water, avoids problems w/ swallowing. example singulair
effervescent tab
dissolved in glass of water prior to admin
releases CO2
facilitates fast action
hard gel cap
used in most capsules
commonly employed for clinical trials
made of collagen
might snap together or heat sealed
soft gel cap
used for liquids, suspensions, pastes, solids
uses two ribbons may have diff colors
solid state vs solution
solution: faster acting, less stable, more parenteral admin
solid state: slower to act bc must get into solution, more stable, more convienet
drug substance to dosage form
preformulation: physicochemical properties of the drug
formulation: determining route and composition of final dosage form
solution
preformulation: solubility and stability
solubility: equilibrium state, max amount of solute that can be dissolved in given amount of solvent
3 states: completely soluble, supersaturated, very supersaturated
physical + chemical stability
solids are very stable
most reactions start at crystal defects
types of reactions: hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, dehydration
excipients
role: preservative, solubility enhancer, stability enhancer, taste masking
types: diluents, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, glidants, controlled release
diluents
bulking agents, used to make practical weight for tablet
disintegrants
breaks up solid dosage form, enhances dissolution