Exam 4 Flashcards
What are common bacterial causes of diarrhea?
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Salmonella spp.
- Shigella spp.
- Escherichia coli
What organisms causes Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea?
- Clostridium perfringens type A
- Staphylococcus aureus
What are organisms will have proximal bowel, non-inflammatory, non-fecal leukocytes?
- vibrio cholerae
- EAEC (E. Coli)
- ETEC (E. Coli)
- norovirus
- rotavirus
- adenovirus
- astrovirus
- giardia lamblia
- cryptosporidium
What are organisms will have colon, inflammatory, fecal leukocytes?
- Campylobacter
- Salmonella non-typhi
- shigella
- EIEC (e. coli)
- Entamoeba Histolytica
- Clostridium difficile
- Cyclospora Cayetanensis
- Isospora belli
- Microsporidia
What are organisms will have distal bowel, penetrating, fecal leukocytes?
- salmonella typhi
- salmonella paratyphi
- yersinia enterocolitica
What does penetrating mean? (lol)
invading lymphatics
What does inflammatory mean?
- invasion
- cytotoxins
What does non-inflammatory mean?
- adhesion
- enterotoxin
What is one of the most common food-borne diseases worldwide resulting from the contamination of food?
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
What organism causes Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?
S. aureus enterotoxins
What are the symptoms of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?
- nausea
- vomiting
- abdominal cramps (with or without diarrhea)
Onset of SFD is, slow or abrupt?
abrupt
How many types of heat stable enterotoxin superantigens are in the Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) family?
9 types
What are the types of heat stable enterotoxin superantigens that are in the Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) family?
- SEA
- SEB
- SEC
- SED
- SEE
- SEG
- SEH
- SEI
- SEJ
What is formed in a high protein food (meat), enterotoxin or neurotoxin?
enterotoxin
What is formed in a high carbohydrate food (rice, pasta), enterotoxin or neurotoxin?
neurotoxin
What is the second most common cause of bacterial food poisoning infection?
Clostridium perfringens
What is the most common cause of bacterial food poisoning infection?
nontyphoidal Salmonella spp
What organism will cause inflammation, invasive fibriloenteritis, and Gastroenteritis?
V. parahemolyticus
What often gets confused for V. parahemolyticus?
V. cholerae
What causes diarrhea from exposure to Pets + LIvestock?
- Campylobacter
- Salmonella
- Giardia
- Cryptosporidium
What causes diarrhea from exposure to Daycare Centers? (da babas)
- Campylobacter
- Shigella
- Giardia
- Cryptosporidium
- C. difficile
- virus
What causes diarrhea from exposure to Antibiotics/Chemotherapy?
- C. perfringens (plasmid cpe)
- S. Aureus
- C. difficile
- K. oxytoca (amoxicillin +/- clavulanate)
What organism is associated with Poultry?
- Campylobacter
- Salmonella
- Shigella
What organism is associated with Ground beef, unpasteurized juice?
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
What organism is associated with Seafood/shellfish?
- V. cholerae
- V. vulnificus
- V. parahemolyticus
- Salmonella
- Anisakis
What organism is associated with Cheese, milk?
Listeria
What organism is associated with eggs?
Salmonella
What organism is associated with Mayonnaise & cream pies?
- Clostridium
- S. aureus
What organism is associated with fried rice?
B. cereus
What organism is associated with fresh berries?
Cyclospora (parasite)
What organism is associated with canned foods?
Clostridium
What organism is associated with Spring or contaminated water?
- V. cholerae
- Giardia
- Cryptosporidium
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is ETEC?
- small bowel adherence
- heat-stable (ST) or heat-labile (LT)
- enterotoxin production
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is EAEC?
- small and large bowel adherence
- enterotoxin production
- cytotoxin production
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is EPEC?
- small bowel adherence
- epithelial cell effacement mediated by intimin
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is EIEC?
- Mucosal invasion
- Inflammatory of large bowel
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is DAEC?
diffuse adherence to epithelial cells
What are the mechanism(s) of pathogenic e. coli is STEC?
- Large bowel adherence mediated via intimin
- Shiga toxin 1, Shiga toxin 2
What is LT?
Heat Labile Toxin (Labile Toxin ?)
What is ST?
Heat Stable Toxin (Stable Toxin ?)
Both Shiga Toxins (type 1 and 2) are expressed on genes that are part of the “lambdoid prophages” genome. Why does that matter?
the use of certain antibiotics, such as quinolones, are known to induce prophage activation and may increase the seriousness of disease and result in fatal outcomes
(TL;DR: using antibiotics can trigger prophage activation and make the disease worse or fatal)
What is the most common cause of TRAVELER’S DIARRHEA?
ETEC = ENTEROTOXIGENIC E.COLI
What is the second most common cause of Traveler’s Diarrhea? What is it associated with?
- EAEC = ENTEROAGGREGATIVE E.COLI
- persistent diarrhea
What is another name for ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC)? Why?
- Enteroadherent E.coli
- they can adhere to HEp-2 cells
ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC) does not produce…
enterotoxins
Is ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC) invasive or non-invasive?
invasive
What age group is ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC) associated with? What symptom does it cause in this age group?
- infants and the children
- diarrhea
Where does ENTEROPATHOGENIC E.COLI (EPEC) attach to? What does this cause?
- Attach to mucosa of upper small intestine
- disruption of brush border microvilli
What species of Salmonella cause non-typhoidal (zoonotic), gastroenteritis, bacteraemia (invasive)?
- S. Typhimurium
- S. Enteritidis
- S. Dublin
- S. Virchow
- S. Heidelberg
What type of salmonella causes typhoid fever?
S. Enterica Typhi
What type of salmonella causes paratyphoid fever?
S. Enterica Paratyphi A, B, and C
What is enteric fever?
Both fever caused by Salmonella enterica. This includes S. Enterica (subtype) Typhi and S. Enterica (subtype) Paratyphi
(both typhoid and paratyphoid fever)
What is more severe AND common in Enteric Fever?
typhoid fever
What country is typhoid fever common?
india
When distinguishing K. oxytoca AAHC and C. difficile AAC, how do you know it’s K. oxytoca AAHC?
- No Pseudomembrane formation
- No Outbreak-associated disease
- No antibiotic treatment
- Treatment: Withdrawal of antimicrobial agents
When distinguishing K. oxytoca AAHC and C. difficile AAC, how do you know it’s C. difficile AAC?
- Pseudomembrane formation: Yes
- Outbreak-associated disease: Yes
- Antibiotic treatment: Yes, Vancomycin
- Treatment: Requires antimicrobial agents
What is encephalitis?
infection of the brain
What bacteria causes meningitis by nasopharyngeal colonization that becomes invasive?
- Strep. Pneuomonia
- Haemophilus Influenzae
What causes meningitis by contaminated food?
Listeria Monocytogenes
How does meningitis infect us?
- nasopharyngeal colonization that becomes invasive
- contaminated food
- complication of a systemic infection
- neurosurgical procedure
- spread from skin, sinuses, or middle ear infection
***What causes bacterial meningitis?
- Pneumoccal, Strep. Pneumoniae
- Meningoccal, Neisseria meningitides
- Haemophilus Influenze
What organisms cause acute bacterial meningitis (0-1 months)?
- Group B Strep
- E. Coli
What organisms cause acute bacterial meningitis (1-3 months)?
- Group B Strep
- E. Coli
- Strep. Pneumonia
- H. Influenzae Type B
What are common Nosocomial/Hospital Acquired CNS infections?
- Pseudomonas
- Acinetobacter
- Stenotrophomonas
- E. Coli
- Klebsiella
- S. Aureus