Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cognitive psychology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

start with premises that are true and then judge whether those premises allow you to draw a conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conditional reasoning task (propositional reasoning task)

A

describes the relationship between conditions (ex. If a child is allergic to peanuts, then eating peanuts produces a breathing problem. A child has a breathing problem.
Therefore, this child has eaten peanuts.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Syllogism

A

consists of two statements that we msut assume to be true, and a conclusions (ex. Some psychology majors are friendly people.
Some friendly people are concerned about poverty.
Therefore, some psychology majors are concerned about poverty.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Propositional Calculus

A

system for categorizing the four kidns of reasoning used in analyzing propositions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Propostions

A

statements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antecedent

A

the first propostion in the statement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Consequent

A

The second proposition in a statement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Affirming the antecedent

A

VALID - This is an apple, therefore this is a fruit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Affirming the consequent

A

INVALID - This is a fruit, therefore this is an apple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Denying the antecedent

A

INVALID - This is not an apple, therefore this is not a fruit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Denying the consequent

A

VALID - This is not a fruit, therefore this is not an apple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dual process theory

A

distinguishes between the 2 types of cognitive processing, type 1 and type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type 1 processing

A

fast and automatic, requires little concious effort - used in depth perception, recognition of facial expression and automatic stereotyping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

type 2 processing

A

slow and controlled, required focused attention - used when we think of exceptions to rules, we realize a sterotype was wrong, or we acknowledge errors in our type 1 processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

belief bias effect

A

occurs when people make a judgement based on a prior belief instead of using the conditions that were layed out (feather-window proposition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

confirmation bias

A

People tend to confirm a theory rather than actively try to disprove it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

decision making

A

assess information and choose between two or more alternatives (no correct answers normally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

representative

A

if a sample is similar in important characteristics to the population from which it was selected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

we jusdge that a sample is more likely if it is more similar to the population from which this sample was selected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

small sample fallacy

A

when people assume that a small sample will be representatice of hte population from which it is selected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

base rate

A

how often an item occurs in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

fbase rate fallacy

A

paying too little attention to important information about base rate - ex. tells people there are more engineers than lawyer, decribe a guy who seems similar to a lawyer, which is more likelu that he is? still an engineer, because that is the base rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

bayes theorem

A

describes the probability of an events base on prior conditions.

24
Q

likelihood ratio

A

how likely something would occur compared to the average person

25
Q

conjunction rule

A

the probability of two events cannnot be larger than the probability of one event

26
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

people think two things together is more likely than one thing - ex. linda the activist is rated more likely to be a bank teller and feminist than she is to be a bank teller -> cant possibly be true statistically

27
Q

availability heuristic

A

when you estimate frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something

28
Q

illusory correlation

A

when people believe that two variables are statistically related even though there is no evidence for that relationship

29
Q

social cognition approach

A

steroetypes can be traced back to our normal cogntive processes - the illusory correlation can be traced back to the availability heuristic

30
Q

anchor

A

the first approximation of something

31
Q

anchoring and adjustment heuristic (anchoring effect)

A

when we make adjustments to that first figure based on additional information -> a candle somewhere is 15 dollars, and since this candle is slighlty bigger, you estimate it might be around 20 dollars

32
Q

framing effect

A

your decision can be influenced by the background context of the choice and the way the question is worded

33
Q

prospect theory

A

refers to people’s tendency to think that possible gains are different from possible losses. when dealing with possible gains - people tend to avoid risks, when dealing iwht possible losses, people tend to seek risks

34
Q

overconfidence

A

your confidence judgements are higher than they should be based on your actual preformance on the task

35
Q

crystal-ball technique

A

imagine an accurate crystal ball has determined that thier favored hypothesis is actually incorrect, and the decision makers much search for alternatice explanations for the outcome. debiasing technique

36
Q

planning fallacy

A

people typically understimate the amoun tof time required to complete a project and they estimate that the task will be relatively easy to complete.

37
Q

groupthink

A
38
Q

hindsight bias

A

when an event has happened, and we said “we knew it all along”

39
Q

ecological rationality

A

describes how people create a wide variety of heuristics to help themselves make useful, adaptive decisions in the real world.

40
Q

default heuristic

A

people will usually choose the standard option and not take the effort to opt out

41
Q

lifespan approach to development

A

focus of development that occurs throughout ones lifetime not just childhood but also through adulthood and old age.

42
Q

conjugate reinforcement technique

A

mobile hangs above a young infant’s crib; a ribbon connects hte infants ankle and hte mobile so that the infants kicks iwll make the mobile above move.

43
Q

spaced learning

A

practice distributed over time - efficient for both for college kids and babies

44
Q

massed learning

A

learning everything all at once, ineffective for both babies and college kids

45
Q

source monitoring

A

the process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory

46
Q

memory strategies

A

intentional goal-oriented activites tht we use to improve our memories - young children are less likely to realize that they are helpful

47
Q

utilization deficiency

A

young children may not use the strategies effectively

48
Q

prospective memory

A

remebering to do something in the future - in general older adults have problems with these tasks

49
Q

explicit memory task

A

remember info that you have previously learned.

50
Q

implicit memory task

A

perform a perceptual or cognitive task; previous experience with the material facilitates thier performance on the task

51
Q

recognition memory

A

basically the same over time

52
Q

cognitive slowing

A

slower rate of responding on cogntive tasks, mostly experienced by elderly people.

53
Q

metacognition

A

term that refers to your thoughts about thinking - children have much less knowledge of their cognition than adults

54
Q

metamemory

A

your thoughts about your memory - children have worse metamemory than adults, can explain why their memory is so bad

55
Q

theory of mind

A

refers to your ideas about how your mind works, as well as how other people’s mind works

56
Q

metacomprehension

A

refers to your thoughts about your comprehension, such as your understanding of written material or spoken language

cognitive psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions