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cognitive psychology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

start with premises that are true and then judge whether those premises allow you to draw a conclusion

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2
Q

Conditional reasoning task (propositional reasoning task)

A

describes the relationship between conditions (ex. If a child is allergic to peanuts, then eating peanuts produces a breathing problem. A child has a breathing problem.
Therefore, this child has eaten peanuts.)

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3
Q

Syllogism

A

consists of two statements that we msut assume to be true, and a conclusions (ex. Some psychology majors are friendly people.
Some friendly people are concerned about poverty.
Therefore, some psychology majors are concerned about poverty.)

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4
Q

Propositional Calculus

A

system for categorizing the four kidns of reasoning used in analyzing propositions.

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5
Q

Propostions

A

statements

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6
Q

Antecedent

A

the first propostion in the statement

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7
Q

Consequent

A

The second proposition in a statement

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8
Q

Affirming the antecedent

A

VALID - This is an apple, therefore this is a fruit.

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9
Q

Affirming the consequent

A

INVALID - This is a fruit, therefore this is an apple

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10
Q

Denying the antecedent

A

INVALID - This is not an apple, therefore this is not a fruit.

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11
Q

Denying the consequent

A

VALID - This is not a fruit, therefore this is not an apple

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12
Q

dual process theory

A

distinguishes between the 2 types of cognitive processing, type 1 and type 2

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13
Q

type 1 processing

A

fast and automatic, requires little concious effort - used in depth perception, recognition of facial expression and automatic stereotyping.

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14
Q

type 2 processing

A

slow and controlled, required focused attention - used when we think of exceptions to rules, we realize a sterotype was wrong, or we acknowledge errors in our type 1 processing.

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15
Q

belief bias effect

A

occurs when people make a judgement based on a prior belief instead of using the conditions that were layed out (feather-window proposition)

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16
Q

confirmation bias

A

People tend to confirm a theory rather than actively try to disprove it.

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17
Q

decision making

A

assess information and choose between two or more alternatives (no correct answers normally)

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18
Q

representative

A

if a sample is similar in important characteristics to the population from which it was selected.

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19
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

we jusdge that a sample is more likely if it is more similar to the population from which this sample was selected.

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20
Q

small sample fallacy

A

when people assume that a small sample will be representatice of hte population from which it is selected.

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21
Q

base rate

A

how often an item occurs in the population

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22
Q

fbase rate fallacy

A

paying too little attention to important information about base rate - ex. tells people there are more engineers than lawyer, decribe a guy who seems similar to a lawyer, which is more likelu that he is? still an engineer, because that is the base rate.

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23
Q

bayes theorem

A

describes the probability of an events base on prior conditions.

24
Q

likelihood ratio

A

how likely something would occur compared to the average person

25
Q

conjunction rule

A

the probability of two events cannnot be larger than the probability of one event

26
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

people think two things together is more likely than one thing - ex. linda the activist is rated more likely to be a bank teller and feminist than she is to be a bank teller -> cant possibly be true statistically

27
Q

availability heuristic

A

when you estimate frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something

28
Q

illusory correlation

A

when people believe that two variables are statistically related even though there is no evidence for that relationship

29
Q

social cognition approach

A

steroetypes can be traced back to our normal cogntive processes - the illusory correlation can be traced back to the availability heuristic

30
Q

anchor

A

the first approximation of something

31
Q

anchoring and adjustment heuristic (anchoring effect)

A

when we make adjustments to that first figure based on additional information -> a candle somewhere is 15 dollars, and since this candle is slighlty bigger, you estimate it might be around 20 dollars

32
Q

framing effect

A

your decision can be influenced by the background context of the choice and the way the question is worded

33
Q

prospect theory

A

refers to people’s tendency to think that possible gains are different from possible losses. when dealing with possible gains - people tend to avoid risks, when dealing iwht possible losses, people tend to seek risks

34
Q

overconfidence

A

your confidence judgements are higher than they should be based on your actual preformance on the task

35
Q

crystal-ball technique

A

imagine an accurate crystal ball has determined that thier favored hypothesis is actually incorrect, and the decision makers much search for alternatice explanations for the outcome. debiasing technique

36
Q

planning fallacy

A

people typically understimate the amoun tof time required to complete a project and they estimate that the task will be relatively easy to complete.

37
Q

groupthink

A
38
Q

hindsight bias

A

when an event has happened, and we said “we knew it all along”

39
Q

ecological rationality

A

describes how people create a wide variety of heuristics to help themselves make useful, adaptive decisions in the real world.

40
Q

default heuristic

A

people will usually choose the standard option and not take the effort to opt out

41
Q

lifespan approach to development

A

focus of development that occurs throughout ones lifetime not just childhood but also through adulthood and old age.

42
Q

conjugate reinforcement technique

A

mobile hangs above a young infant’s crib; a ribbon connects hte infants ankle and hte mobile so that the infants kicks iwll make the mobile above move.

43
Q

spaced learning

A

practice distributed over time - efficient for both for college kids and babies

44
Q

massed learning

A

learning everything all at once, ineffective for both babies and college kids

45
Q

source monitoring

A

the process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory

46
Q

memory strategies

A

intentional goal-oriented activites tht we use to improve our memories - young children are less likely to realize that they are helpful

47
Q

utilization deficiency

A

young children may not use the strategies effectively

48
Q

prospective memory

A

remebering to do something in the future - in general older adults have problems with these tasks

49
Q

explicit memory task

A

remember info that you have previously learned.

50
Q

implicit memory task

A

perform a perceptual or cognitive task; previous experience with the material facilitates thier performance on the task

51
Q

recognition memory

A

basically the same over time

52
Q

cognitive slowing

A

slower rate of responding on cogntive tasks, mostly experienced by elderly people.

53
Q

metacognition

A

term that refers to your thoughts about thinking - children have much less knowledge of their cognition than adults

54
Q

metamemory

A

your thoughts about your memory - children have worse metamemory than adults, can explain why their memory is so bad

55
Q

theory of mind

A

refers to your ideas about how your mind works, as well as how other people’s mind works

56
Q

metacomprehension

A

refers to your thoughts about your comprehension, such as your understanding of written material or spoken language

cognitive psychology (2 decks)

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