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cognitive psychology > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory strategy

A

any method aimed at improving long term or short term retention of information

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2
Q

Divided attention

A

doing two tasks at a time - can cause memory to decrease of one task

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3
Q

levels of processing

A

processing information in a deeper level, proven to improve memory

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4
Q

survival processing

A

encoding information based on how likely it would be to help you survive, or how it would help you survive

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5
Q

generation effect

A
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6
Q

elaboration

A

concentrate on the specific meaning of a particular concept; relate this concept to your prior knowledge and to interconnected concepts that you have already mastered

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7
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating the information you want to learn over and over again

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8
Q

distinctiveness

A

on memory trace is different from all other memory traces

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9
Q

von restorff effect

A

when one thing is very distinct or isolated from others, its more likely to be remembered

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10
Q

self reference effect

A

relating information to yourself in order to encode it better

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11
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

if the state or mood that you are in when you enocde info matches the state or mood you are in when you recall info, recall improves

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12
Q

overconfidence

A

believing that you know all the concepts, becuase you just learned them and then not studying enough

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13
Q

total-time hypothesis

A

the amount of info that you learn depends on the total time you devote to learning

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14
Q

distributed practice effect

A

you will remember more material if you spread your learning trials over time

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15
Q

spaced learning

A

spread learning trials over time

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16
Q

massed learning

A

cramming, learning the material all at once

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17
Q

desirable difficulties

A

a learning situation taht is somewhat challenging, but not too difficult

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18
Q

testing effect

A

being tested on material improves memory

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19
Q

mnemonics

A

mental strategies designed to improve your memory

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20
Q

keyword method

A

create an image that links a keyword with the meaning of a new word - chompipe: turkey chomping on a pipe

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21
Q

organization

A

using a systematic order to the material they want to learn

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22
Q

chunking

A

combining several small units into larger units

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23
Q

hierarchy

A

items are arraged in a series of classes from most general to most basic

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24
Q

first letter technique

A

ROYGBIV

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25
Q

narrative technique

A

making a story that links a series of words together

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26
Q

multimodal approach

A
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27
Q

restrospective memory

A

remembering info from the past

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28
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering things you need to do in the future

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29
Q

external memory aid

A

post it note on the fridge that says get milk

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30
Q

metacognition

A

your knowledge and control of your cognitive processes

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31
Q

self knowledge

A

what people believe about themselves

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32
Q

metamemory

A

people’s knowledge, monitoring and control of thier memory

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33
Q

foresight bias

A

the tendency, when studying for an exam, to be be overconfident about performance on that exam

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34
Q

meta comprehension

A

your thoughts about language comprehension

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35
Q

reading strategies

A

read a passage, wait a few minutes, and them explain that passage to yourself, think about how to manage your own reading

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36
Q

inference

A

logical interpretations and conclusion that were neer part of the original stimulus material

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37
Q

category

A

set of objects that belong together

38
Q

concept

A

mental representations of a category

39
Q

prototype

A

the best most typical example of a category - ideal representative

40
Q

prototype approach

A

you decide whether an item belongs in this category by comparing it to a prototype

41
Q

prototypicality

A

the degree to which an item is representative of their category

42
Q

graded structure

A

begins with the most representative or protypical members and then continue to the non prototypical members

43
Q

typicality effect

A

people judge protypes as members of a category faster than non prototypes

44
Q

semantic priming effect

A

people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning

45
Q

family resemblance

A

no single attricute is shared by all examples of a concept, however each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept

46
Q

superordinate -level categories

A

higher level or more general categories: furniture, animal, tool

47
Q

basic level categories

A

moderately specific: chair, dog, screwdriver

48
Q

subordinate level categories

A

lower level and more specific: desk chait, collie, phillips screwdriver

49
Q

exemplar approach

A

we first learn information about some specific examples of a concept; we then classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles all of those specific examples

50
Q

exemplar

A

instead of comparing to prototype, you compare to the most and least typical of each category

51
Q

network models

A

propose a network-style organization of concepts in memory, with numerous interconnections.

52
Q

node

A

one unit inside the network

53
Q

spreading activation

A

When you see or hear the name of a concept, the node representing that concept is activated. The activation expands or spreads from that node to other connected nodes

54
Q

schema

A

generalized, well integrated knowledge about a situation, event or person

55
Q

heuristic

A

schemas are a type of heuristic ( a general rule that is typically accurate)

56
Q

schema therapy

A
57
Q

script

A

simple, wll strucutres, sequence of events that usually occur in a specified order, associated with highly familiar activity

58
Q

boundary extension

A

refers to our tendency to remeber having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown

59
Q

abstraction

A

memory process that stores the meaning of a message rather than the exact words

60
Q

verbatim memory

A

word for word recall

61
Q

false alarm

A

when people remember an item that was not originally presented

62
Q

constructive model of memory

A

people integrate info from individual sentence in order to construct larger ideas

63
Q

pragmatic view of memory

A

people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to thier current goals

64
Q

memory integration

A

our background knowledge encourages us to take in new information in a schema consistent fashion

65
Q

gender sterotypes

A

beleieds and opinions that we associate with females and males

66
Q

implicit association test

A

based on the principles that people can mentally paur two related words together much more easily than they can pain two unrelated words

67
Q

thinking

A

going beyond the info you were given so that you can reach a goal

68
Q

problem solving

A

refers to the processes necesary to a reach a goal, where the solution is not immediately obvious

69
Q

intial state

A

describes the situation at the beginning of a problem

70
Q

goal state

A

what you are working toward in a problem

71
Q

obstacles

A

things that stop you from going from your initial state to your goal state

72
Q

understanding

A

when you have constructed a well organized mental representation of the problem based on both the info provided in the problem and your own previous experience

73
Q

problem representation

A

refers to the way you translate the elements of the problem into a different format

74
Q

matrix

A

a grid consisting of rows and columns

75
Q

algorithm

A

a method that will always produce a solution to the problem, although the process can sometimes be inefficient

76
Q

exhaustive search

A

you try out all possible answers using a specified system

77
Q

analogy approach

A

emplot a solution to a similar earlier problem to help you solve a new problem

78
Q

problem isomorphs

A

refers to a set of froms taht have the same underlying structs and solutions, but different specific details

79
Q

surface features

A

specific objects and terms used in the question

80
Q

structural features

A

the underlying core that they must understand in order to solve the problem correctly

81
Q

means-end heuristic

A

identify the ends, then figure about the means you need to meet the ends

82
Q

hill climbing heuristic

A

you consistently choose the atlerative that seems to lead most directly to yours goals - not always accurate

83
Q

expertise

A

when you have consistently exceptional skill and performance on respresentative tasks for a particular area

84
Q

mental set

A

you keep trying the same solution you used in previous problems

85
Q

fixed mindset

A

you believe you posses a certain amount of intellegence and other skills and that no amount of effort can help you perform better

86
Q

growth mindset

A

you can cultivate your intelligence and other skills

87
Q

functional fixedness

A

we tend to assign stable functions to an object

88
Q

stereotype threat

A

if you belong ot a group that is hampered by a negatie stereotype and you think about your membership in taht group, your performance may suffer

89
Q

insight problem

A

the problem initially seems impossible to solve, but then an alternative approach suddenly pops into your head

90
Q

noninsight problem

A

you solve the problem gradually, bu using your memory and reasoning skills

cognitive psychology (2 decks)

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