exam 3 Flashcards
Memory strategy
any method aimed at improving long term or short term retention of information
Divided attention
doing two tasks at a time - can cause memory to decrease of one task
levels of processing
processing information in a deeper level, proven to improve memory
survival processing
encoding information based on how likely it would be to help you survive, or how it would help you survive
generation effect
elaboration
concentrate on the specific meaning of a particular concept; relate this concept to your prior knowledge and to interconnected concepts that you have already mastered
rehearsal
repeating the information you want to learn over and over again
distinctiveness
on memory trace is different from all other memory traces
von restorff effect
when one thing is very distinct or isolated from others, its more likely to be remembered
self reference effect
relating information to yourself in order to encode it better
encoding specificity principle
if the state or mood that you are in when you enocde info matches the state or mood you are in when you recall info, recall improves
overconfidence
believing that you know all the concepts, becuase you just learned them and then not studying enough
total-time hypothesis
the amount of info that you learn depends on the total time you devote to learning
distributed practice effect
you will remember more material if you spread your learning trials over time
spaced learning
spread learning trials over time
massed learning
cramming, learning the material all at once
desirable difficulties
a learning situation taht is somewhat challenging, but not too difficult
testing effect
being tested on material improves memory
mnemonics
mental strategies designed to improve your memory
keyword method
create an image that links a keyword with the meaning of a new word - chompipe: turkey chomping on a pipe
organization
using a systematic order to the material they want to learn
chunking
combining several small units into larger units
hierarchy
items are arraged in a series of classes from most general to most basic
first letter technique
ROYGBIV
narrative technique
making a story that links a series of words together
multimodal approach
restrospective memory
remembering info from the past
prospective memory
remembering things you need to do in the future
external memory aid
post it note on the fridge that says get milk
metacognition
your knowledge and control of your cognitive processes
self knowledge
what people believe about themselves
metamemory
people’s knowledge, monitoring and control of thier memory
foresight bias
the tendency, when studying for an exam, to be be overconfident about performance on that exam
meta comprehension
your thoughts about language comprehension
reading strategies
read a passage, wait a few minutes, and them explain that passage to yourself, think about how to manage your own reading
inference
logical interpretations and conclusion that were neer part of the original stimulus material
category
set of objects that belong together
concept
mental representations of a category
prototype
the best most typical example of a category - ideal representative
prototype approach
you decide whether an item belongs in this category by comparing it to a prototype
prototypicality
the degree to which an item is representative of their category
graded structure
begins with the most representative or protypical members and then continue to the non prototypical members
typicality effect
people judge protypes as members of a category faster than non prototypes
semantic priming effect
people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning
family resemblance
no single attricute is shared by all examples of a concept, however each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept
superordinate -level categories
higher level or more general categories: furniture, animal, tool
basic level categories
moderately specific: chair, dog, screwdriver
subordinate level categories
lower level and more specific: desk chait, collie, phillips screwdriver
exemplar approach
we first learn information about some specific examples of a concept; we then classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles all of those specific examples
exemplar
instead of comparing to prototype, you compare to the most and least typical of each category
network models
propose a network-style organization of concepts in memory, with numerous interconnections.
node
one unit inside the network
spreading activation
When you see or hear the name of a concept, the node representing that concept is activated. The activation expands or spreads from that node to other connected nodes
schema
generalized, well integrated knowledge about a situation, event or person
heuristic
schemas are a type of heuristic ( a general rule that is typically accurate)
schema therapy
script
simple, wll strucutres, sequence of events that usually occur in a specified order, associated with highly familiar activity
boundary extension
refers to our tendency to remeber having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown
abstraction
memory process that stores the meaning of a message rather than the exact words
verbatim memory
word for word recall
false alarm
when people remember an item that was not originally presented
constructive model of memory
people integrate info from individual sentence in order to construct larger ideas
pragmatic view of memory
people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to thier current goals
memory integration
our background knowledge encourages us to take in new information in a schema consistent fashion
gender sterotypes
beleieds and opinions that we associate with females and males
implicit association test
based on the principles that people can mentally paur two related words together much more easily than they can pain two unrelated words
thinking
going beyond the info you were given so that you can reach a goal
problem solving
refers to the processes necesary to a reach a goal, where the solution is not immediately obvious
intial state
describes the situation at the beginning of a problem
goal state
what you are working toward in a problem
obstacles
things that stop you from going from your initial state to your goal state
understanding
when you have constructed a well organized mental representation of the problem based on both the info provided in the problem and your own previous experience
problem representation
refers to the way you translate the elements of the problem into a different format
matrix
a grid consisting of rows and columns
algorithm
a method that will always produce a solution to the problem, although the process can sometimes be inefficient
exhaustive search
you try out all possible answers using a specified system
analogy approach
emplot a solution to a similar earlier problem to help you solve a new problem
problem isomorphs
refers to a set of froms taht have the same underlying structs and solutions, but different specific details
surface features
specific objects and terms used in the question
structural features
the underlying core that they must understand in order to solve the problem correctly
means-end heuristic
identify the ends, then figure about the means you need to meet the ends
hill climbing heuristic
you consistently choose the atlerative that seems to lead most directly to yours goals - not always accurate
expertise
when you have consistently exceptional skill and performance on respresentative tasks for a particular area
mental set
you keep trying the same solution you used in previous problems
fixed mindset
you believe you posses a certain amount of intellegence and other skills and that no amount of effort can help you perform better
growth mindset
you can cultivate your intelligence and other skills
functional fixedness
we tend to assign stable functions to an object
stereotype threat
if you belong ot a group that is hampered by a negatie stereotype and you think about your membership in taht group, your performance may suffer
insight problem
the problem initially seems impossible to solve, but then an alternative approach suddenly pops into your head
noninsight problem
you solve the problem gradually, bu using your memory and reasoning skills
