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A&P Exam 1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The sarcolemma is a muscle fiber that?

A

Special proteins that allow AP conduction

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2
Q

Sarcoplasm is and contains what?

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber or cell that contains myoglobin ( what makes you red) and glycogen ( long chains of glucose)

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3
Q

Sarcomere is ?

A

Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber composed of actin and myosin

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4
Q

Is actin the thin or thick filament

A

Thin.

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5
Q

What are the 2 actin proteins?

A

1.Tropomyosin (long filament) extending over openings in actin @rest
2. Trompin (small protein) that attaches to tromysin and has a Ca+ binding site

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6
Q

When a muscle fiber receives an AP signaling contraction, what happens?

A

Ca+ is released in the sarcoplasm

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7
Q

Is tropnin the only actin protein that changes shape when binding to Ca+

A

No, once tropnin changes shape tropomysin changes as well because the are attached

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8
Q

Sarcomere Anatomy: H-Zone consists only of?

A

Myosin

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9
Q

I-Band consists only of?

A

Actin

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10
Q

A-Band

A

Contains a WHOLE myosin and an overlapping actin

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11
Q

Muscles rely on a what to do what?

A

A motor unit to send signals to stimulate contraction

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12
Q

Step 1 of Muscle Contraction:

A

An AP is sent along an axon to stimulate muscle contraction

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13
Q

Step 2 of Muscle Contraction:

A

When the AP reaches the axon terminal, Ca+ proteins in the terminal open and Ca+ enters

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14
Q

Step 3 of Muscle Contraction:

A

Ca+ binds to the synaptic vesicles and causes them to move to the axon terminal mem. releasing ACh

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15
Q

Step 4 of Muscle Contraction:

A

ACh moves across the synaptic cleft by diffusion to the mother end plate

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16
Q

Step 5 of Muscle Contraction:

A

ACh bind to its receptors opening the the receptor causing Na+ to rush into the muscle fiber

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17
Q

Myofibrils are wrapped w/ a spider web like ‘’shawl’’ called?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Step 6 of Muscle Contraction:

A

AP continues to T tubule is reached then stimulates a cisternae to release Ca+

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19
Q

Step 7 of Muscle Contraction:

A

Ca+ binds to troponin that changes shape while tromyosin changes change also

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20
Q

Step 8 of Muscle Contraction:

A

Myosin binds to actin causing a ratchet

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21
Q

Step 9 of Muscle Contraction:

A

Sarcomere shortens until AP is stopped or Sarcomere reaches max contraction

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22
Q

How many ways can you steps can you stop an AP?

A

3

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23
Q

Stopping AP steps

A
  1. Stop AP along axon
  2. Remove ACh from synaptic cleft
  3. Ca+ must be removed
24
Q

What are the 3 ways to remove ACh?

A
  1. Diffuse
    2.AChE
  2. Storing it in synaptic vessel
25
Q

What 3 ways remove Ca+?

A
  1. Store it
    2.allow it bind it it’s Ca+ proteins (calsequestin or calmodulin)
26
Q

Optimal Sarcomere placement?

A

Where actin just over lies myosin heads

27
Q

Overly contracted Sarcomere?

A

When actin is already close to myosin and little additional room is available to move a-disc closer to myosin

28
Q

Overly stretched Sarcomere?

A

When actin barely overlaps myosin heads making it difficult to shorten a muscle

29
Q

Latent period is

A

When a relaxed muscle receives the signal to contract

30
Q

Treppe is ? Tetanus is ?

A

More rapid stimuli and a constant stimuli

31
Q

Muscle tone is

A

A slight state of contraction @ all times ( erector spinae )

32
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

When a muscle maintains a constant tension as they change lengths
Eccentric isotonic contraction -muscle lengthens to bear weight
Concentric isotonic contraction - muscle shortens as it bears weight

33
Q

What 3 ways does muscle obtain ATP?

A
  1. Cellular respiration
  2. Fermentation
  3. Creating kinase
34
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

35
Q

Describe the afferent division

A

Sends info about stimuli from extremities to the CNS
Has 2 parts somatic brings stimuli from skin, muscle, & joints
Visceral afferent bring stimuli from organs like heart lungs etc

36
Q

Describe efferent division

A

Somatic motor sends decisions to glands and skeletal muscles
Autonomic sends decisions from CNS to visceral specifically cardiac & smooth

37
Q

Autonomic has 2 parts describe them

A

Sympathetic NS is freight or flight
Parasympathetic NS brings the body back down, regulate homeostatic

38
Q

What do neurons specifically do?

A

Send and receive info

39
Q

What do glial cells specifically do?

A

Keep environment ideal allowing normal neuron function

40
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites, cell body, and axon

41
Q

Nissel bodies

A

Groups of rough endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

What is difference between unmyelinated axons and myelinated axons?

A

Unmyelinated send ‘’slow AP’’ while myelinated send faster

43
Q

Schwann cells are..

A

Numerous wraps around the axon

44
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Open axon mem. sections btw. Schwann cells

45
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Many layers of cell mem. wrapped tightly around axon

46
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells of CNS

A

Astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal

47
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells in the PNS

A

Satellite and Schwann cells

48
Q

Groups/clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called and in the PNS are called?

A

CNS-nuclei
PNS-ganglia

49
Q

Groups/Clusters of Axons

A

CNS-tracts
PNS-nerve

50
Q

White matter consist of

A

Myelinated axon

51
Q

Grey matter consist of

A

Dendrites, soma, unmyelinated

52
Q

Multipolar neuron is

A

Neurons with multiple dendrites and 1 axon

53
Q

Bipolar neuron is

A

Neuron with 1 axon and 1 dendrites

54
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Neuron with 1 extension

55
Q

Presynaptic vs postsynaptic

A

Before synapse vs after synapse

A&P Exam 1 (4 decks)

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