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A&P Exam 1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The sarcolemma is a muscle fiber that?

A

Special proteins that allow AP conduction

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2
Q

Sarcoplasm is and contains what?

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber or cell that contains myoglobin ( what makes you red) and glycogen ( long chains of glucose)

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3
Q

Sarcomere is ?

A

Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber composed of actin and myosin

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4
Q

Is actin the thin or thick filament

A

Thin.

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5
Q

What are the 2 actin proteins?

A

1.Tropomyosin (long filament) extending over openings in actin @rest
2. Trompin (small protein) that attaches to tromysin and has a Ca+ binding site

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6
Q

When a muscle fiber receives an AP signaling contraction, what happens?

A

Ca+ is released in the sarcoplasm

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7
Q

Is tropnin the only actin protein that changes shape when binding to Ca+

A

No, once tropnin changes shape tropomysin changes as well because the are attached

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8
Q

Sarcomere Anatomy: H-Zone consists only of?

A

Myosin

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9
Q

I-Band consists only of?

A

Actin

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10
Q

A-Band

A

Contains a WHOLE myosin and an overlapping actin

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11
Q

Muscles rely on a what to do what?

A

A motor unit to send signals to stimulate contraction

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12
Q

Step 1 of Muscle Contraction:

A

An AP is sent along an axon to stimulate muscle contraction

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13
Q

Step 2 of Muscle Contraction:

A

When the AP reaches the axon terminal, Ca+ proteins in the terminal open and Ca+ enters

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14
Q

Step 3 of Muscle Contraction:

A

Ca+ binds to the synaptic vesicles and causes them to move to the axon terminal mem. releasing ACh

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15
Q

Step 4 of Muscle Contraction:

A

ACh moves across the synaptic cleft by diffusion to the mother end plate

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16
Q

Step 5 of Muscle Contraction:

A

ACh bind to its receptors opening the the receptor causing Na+ to rush into the muscle fiber

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17
Q

Myofibrils are wrapped w/ a spider web like ‘’shawl’’ called?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Step 6 of Muscle Contraction:

A

AP continues to T tubule is reached then stimulates a cisternae to release Ca+

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19
Q

Step 7 of Muscle Contraction:

A

Ca+ binds to troponin that changes shape while tromyosin changes change also

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20
Q

Step 8 of Muscle Contraction:

A

Myosin binds to actin causing a ratchet

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21
Q

Step 9 of Muscle Contraction:

A

Sarcomere shortens until AP is stopped or Sarcomere reaches max contraction

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22
Q

How many ways can you steps can you stop an AP?

A

3

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23
Q

Stopping AP steps

A
  1. Stop AP along axon
  2. Remove ACh from synaptic cleft
  3. Ca+ must be removed
24
Q

What are the 3 ways to remove ACh?

A
  1. Diffuse
    2.AChE
  2. Storing it in synaptic vessel
25
What 3 ways remove Ca+?
1. Store it 2.allow it bind it it’s Ca+ proteins (calsequestin or calmodulin)
26
Optimal Sarcomere placement?
Where actin just over lies myosin heads
27
Overly contracted Sarcomere?
When actin is already close to myosin and little additional room is available to move a-disc closer to myosin
28
Overly stretched Sarcomere?
When actin barely overlaps myosin heads making it difficult to shorten a muscle
29
Latent period is
When a relaxed muscle receives the signal to contract
30
Treppe is ? Tetanus is ?
More rapid stimuli and a constant stimuli
31
Muscle tone is
A slight state of contraction @ all times ( erector spinae )
32
Isotonic contraction
When a muscle maintains a constant tension as they change lengths Eccentric isotonic contraction -muscle lengthens to bear weight Concentric isotonic contraction - muscle shortens as it bears weight
33
What 3 ways does muscle obtain ATP?
1. Cellular respiration 2. Fermentation 3. Creating kinase
34
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
35
Describe the afferent division
Sends info about stimuli from extremities to the CNS Has 2 parts somatic brings stimuli from skin, muscle, & joints Visceral afferent bring stimuli from organs like heart lungs etc
36
Describe efferent division
Somatic motor sends decisions to glands and skeletal muscles Autonomic sends decisions from CNS to visceral specifically cardiac & smooth
37
Autonomic has 2 parts describe them
Sympathetic NS is freight or flight Parasympathetic NS brings the body back down, regulate homeostatic
38
What do neurons specifically do?
Send and receive info
39
What do glial cells specifically do?
Keep environment ideal allowing normal neuron function
40
What are the 3 parts of a neuron
Dendrites, cell body, and axon
41
Nissel bodies
Groups of rough endoplasmic reticulum
42
What is difference between unmyelinated axons and myelinated axons?
Unmyelinated send ‘’slow AP’’ while myelinated send faster
43
Schwann cells are..
Numerous wraps around the axon
44
Nodes of ranvier
Open axon mem. sections btw. Schwann cells
45
Myelin sheath
Many layers of cell mem. wrapped tightly around axon
46
What are the 4 types of glial cells of CNS
Astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal
47
What are the 2 types of glial cells in the PNS
Satellite and Schwann cells
48
Groups/clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called and in the PNS are called?
CNS-nuclei PNS-ganglia
49
Groups/Clusters of Axons
CNS-tracts PNS-nerve
50
White matter consist of
Myelinated axon
51
Grey matter consist of
Dendrites, soma, unmyelinated
52
Multipolar neuron is
Neurons with multiple dendrites and 1 axon
53
Bipolar neuron is
Neuron with 1 axon and 1 dendrites
54
Unipolar neuron
Neuron with 1 extension
55
Presynaptic vs postsynaptic
Before synapse vs after synapse

A&P Exam 1 (4 decks)

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