Chapter 2

Question 1

What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?

Answer 1

Positive charge, no charge, negative charge

Question 2

How many electrons fill up the first shell? How many fill up the others?

Answer 2

First one holds up to 2 electrons & the others hold up to 8.

Question 3

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

Answer 3

1. Monosaccharides- smallest one
2. Disaccharides- Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond
3. Polysaccharides- When more than 2 monosaccharides are joined as one unit by glycosidic bonds

Question 4

What makes up proteins?

____ join with a strong covalent bond called ____ to form proteins.

Answer 4

Amino acids (AAs)
AAs; peptide bonds

Question 5

Explain the difference between a primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.

Answer 5

Primary- 100 or more AAs join by peptide bond
Secondary- when the primary structure folds and forms either beta pleated sheets or alpha helices
Tertiary- When the secondary structure folds and first time the protein is functional
Quaternary- 2 or more tertiary structures bond together making a larger protein

Question 6

Hydrogen bonds maintain the shape which ones? Hydrogen goes through the pecks and valleys in? Hydrogen goes through the spaces in? Hydrogen is holding to tertiary structure together in?

Answer 6

1. Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary

Question 7

Types of triglycerides and explain

Answer 7

Saturated has no double bond ( no bend )

Unsaturated has 1 or more double bonds creating a bend

Question 8

What are phospholipid composed of?

Answer 8

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group

*Create the phospholipid bi-layer

Question 9

Cholesterol is used where and makes what ?

Answer 9

Cell membrane and hormones

Question 10

What are the 3 types of nucleus acids?

Answer 10

DNA, RNA, ATP

Question 11

Explain DNA

Answer 11

• Instruction molecule for cells
• 2 nucleotide chains that are anti parallel( if the 5 at the top of one it’s on the bottom of the other and same with the 3)
•A=T / C=G ( it actually has 3 between the C&G but can’t draw it
• Also it’s a helix
A-adenine, T- thymine, C- cytosine, G- guanine
• contains a deoxyribose sugar, 1 phosphate group, 1 nitrogen base

Question 12

Explain RNA

Answer 12

• RNA acts to carry info from DNA in the nucleus out into the cell
• Has a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and 1 nitrogen base
• A-adenine, G- guanine, C- cytosine, U- uracil
• RNA is single stranded

Question 13

Explain ATP

Answer 13

• Cells energy storage molecule

* Has 1 RNA, adenine nucleotide, 2 phosphate groups

Question 14

Explain chemical reactions

Answer 14

Reactants are whatever you start with, Products are whatever is being made

Question 15

Types of chemical reactions and explain them

Answer 15

1. Synthesis- 2 small parts join together to make something larger
2. Decomposition- when a larger hemis broken down into smaller things
3. Exchange- when a substances swap parts making a new things

Question 16

What is the difference between cohesive and solvent

Answer 16

Cohesive- water molecules stick together

Solvent- separate other charged molecules

Question 17

3 water facts

Answer 17

1. Human body is made up of 70-80% water
2. Water is the universal solvent
3. Water doesn’t change temperature quickly

Question 18

What is solution? What are the 2 parts?.

Answer 18

When water is mixed together with a small solute
Example, salt water, salt would be the solute and water is the solvent
(Solute is material in the liquid; Solvent is the liquid)

Question 19

Explain colliods

Answer 19

Solutions with medium-sized solutes (can be gel like)

Example: milk or jello

Question 20

Explain suspension

Answer 20

Mixture with larger solutes and separate/precipitates when left undisturbed
Examples, blood or beach water

Question 21

2 types of Acids and their jobs

Answer 21

Strong acids breakdown quickly releasing large amounts of H+

Weak acids breakdown slowly releasing a bit of H+ overtime

Question 21

2 types of Acids and their jobs

Answer 21

Strong acids breakdown quickly releasing large amounts of H+

Weak acids breakdown slowly releasing a bit of H+ overtime

Question 22

A types of bases, explain them

Answer 22

Strong bases separate quickly and bind to many H+ at 1 time

Weak bases breakdown slowly and binding slowly to H+

Question 23

Explain the pH scale

Answer 23

• Scale of 0-14; where each number represents a 10 times change in pH
•7.35-7.45 is blood’s pH
•