Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Positive charge, no charge, negative charge
How many electrons fill up the first shell? How many fill up the others?
First one holds up to 2 electrons & the others hold up to 8.
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharides- smallest one
- Disaccharides- Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond
- Polysaccharides- When more than 2 monosaccharides are joined as one unit by glycosidic bonds
What makes up proteins?
____ join with a strong covalent bond called ____ to form proteins.
Amino acids (AAs) AAs; peptide bonds
Explain the difference between a primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.
Primary- 100 or more AAs join by peptide bond
Secondary- when the primary structure folds and forms either beta pleated sheets or alpha helices
Tertiary- When the secondary structure folds and first time the protein is functional
Quaternary- 2 or more tertiary structures bond together making a larger protein
Hydrogen bonds maintain the shape which ones? Hydrogen goes through the pecks and valleys in? Hydrogen goes through the spaces in? Hydrogen is holding to tertiary structure together in?
- Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
Types of triglycerides and explain
Saturated has no double bond ( no bend )
Unsaturated has 1 or more double bonds creating a bend
What are phospholipid composed of?
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group
*Create the phospholipid bi-layer
Cholesterol is used where and makes what ?
Cell membrane and hormones
What are the 3 types of nucleus acids?
DNA, RNA, ATP
Explain DNA
• Instruction molecule for cells
• 2 nucleotide chains that are anti parallel( if the 5 at the top of one it’s on the bottom of the other and same with the 3)
•A=T / C=G ( it actually has 3 between the C&G but can’t draw it
• Also it’s a helix
A-adenine, T- thymine, C- cytosine, G- guanine
• contains a deoxyribose sugar, 1 phosphate group, 1 nitrogen base
Explain RNA
- RNA acts to carry info from DNA in the nucleus out into the cell
- Has a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and 1 nitrogen base
- A-adenine, G- guanine, C- cytosine, U- uracil
- RNA is single stranded
Explain ATP
- Cells energy storage molecule
* Has 1 RNA, adenine nucleotide, 2 phosphate groups
Explain chemical reactions
Reactants are whatever you start with, Products are whatever is being made
Types of chemical reactions and explain them
- Synthesis- 2 small parts join together to make something larger
- Decomposition- when a larger hemis broken down into smaller things
- Exchange- when a substances swap parts making a new things
What is the difference between cohesive and solvent
Cohesive- water molecules stick together
Solvent- separate other charged molecules
3 water facts
- Human body is made up of 70-80% water
- Water is the universal solvent
- Water doesn’t change temperature quickly
What is solution? What are the 2 parts?.
When water is mixed together with a small solute
Example, salt water, salt would be the solute and water is the solvent
(Solute is material in the liquid; Solvent is the liquid)
Explain colliods
Solutions with medium-sized solutes (can be gel like)
Example: milk or jello
Explain suspension
Mixture with larger solutes and separate/precipitates when left undisturbed
Examples, blood or beach water
2 types of Acids and their jobs
Strong acids breakdown quickly releasing large amounts of H+
Weak acids breakdown slowly releasing a bit of H+ overtime
2 types of Acids and their jobs
Strong acids breakdown quickly releasing large amounts of H+
Weak acids breakdown slowly releasing a bit of H+ overtime
A types of bases, explain them
Strong bases separate quickly and bind to many H+ at 1 time
Weak bases breakdown slowly and binding slowly to H+
Explain the pH scale
• Scale of 0-14; where each number represents a 10 times change in pH
•7.35-7.45 is blood’s pH
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