Exam 4 Flashcards
What are the 6 feedstuff classifications?
- Energy feedstuffs
- Protein supplements
- Specific Amino Acid Supplements
- Mineral supplements
- Vitamin supplements
- Non-nutritive additives
What are four types of energy feedstuffs?
- Cereal grains
- Cereal-milling by-product feed
- Other by-products
- Fats/Oils
What are 5 examples of cereal grains?
Corn, wheat, barley, sorghum, rye
What are the benefits of corn?
Provides readily digestible carbs, oil, and protein; use after grinding
How does the energy of wheat and barley compare to corn? What is a drawback of them?
Wheat and barley have lower energy than corn, they are gelatinous without added enzymes leading to paste on beaks
How does sorghum compare to corn?
Similar oil and protein to corn but lower carbohydrates
What is required to use rye?
Need to add enzymes to avoid sticky excreta
What is an example of cereal milling by-product feed?
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) - by-product of ethanol production; contains sugars, fibers, oil, and protein
What are two examples of other by-products?
Molasses
Glycerin
Molasses
consists of simple sugars; limit to 2.5% to avoid wet excreta
Glycerin
high energy, can be used to supplement fat
How much fats/oils can be added?
A maximum of 5%
What are the benefits of fats/oil?
Increases caloric density, decreases dust, reduces wear and tear on manufacturing equipment, increases palatability, facilitate peletting
What must be added to fats/oils and why?
Need to add an antioxidant to prevent rancidity
What does protein supplement usefulness depend on?
essential amino acid composition and protein digestibility
What are three types of protein supplements?
Oilseed meals, animal protein, yeast
Oilseed meal examples?
soybeans and canola/rapeseed
SBM CP?
48%
Canola CP?
40%
What is an example of animal protein?
fish meal
Fish Meal CP?
57-77%
What does “meal” imply?
That oils have been removed
What is yeast? What is its CP?
By-product of brewing industry; 35% CP
What form of amino acids are produced by microbes?
L form amino acids
What are three types of mineral/vitamin supplements?
Calcium and phosphorous, trace mineral pre-mix, and vitamin pre-mix
What are the sources of calcium?
Limestone, crushed oyster shells, crushed crab shells, bone meal
What are the sources of phosphorous?
Dicalcium phosphate, rock phosphate
What are the five considerations for non-nutritive additives?
What are the specific uses of the additive?
Does the additive have a withdrawal period?
Can the additive be used with other additives?
What is the best form of the product to be used?
What are the methods for mixing and storing?
What are two types of drugs used in poultry>
Antibiotics and coccidiostats
Antibiotics
Have been widely used in broilers at subtherapeutic levels as a growth promoter
Coccidiostats
Ionophores that reduce adverse effects of coccidiosis
What is the benefit of antibiotic alternatives?
Reduce pathogens in feed and promote gut health
What is the difference between prebiotics and probiotics?
Probiotic - composed of beneficial microbes
Prebiotic - mixtures of microbial nutrients
What are five key enzymes?
Phytase, cellulase, xylanase, glucanase, protease
Phytase
removes phosphate from phytate
Cellulase
breaks down cellulose into disaccharides
Xylanase
breaks down hemicellulose to xylose (similar to glucose)
Glucanase
break down B-glucan to glucose
Protease
break down protein to amino acids
What are five other feed additives?
antioxidants, pellet binders, xanthophylls, grit, mold inhibitors
Antioxidants
prevent oxidation and rancidity in high fat diets
Pellet binders
enhance firmness of pellets
Xanthophylls
enhance color of poultry products
Grit
enhance grinding in gizzard
Mold inhibitors
antifungals that destroy fungi
What is poultry feeding based on?
Species, age, stage of production
What are the three diets of broilers?
Starter, grower, finisher
Broiler Starter diet specifications
Fed from 0-10 days of age
3000 kcal/kg
23% CP
Broiler Grower diet specifications
Fed from 11-24 days
3100 kcal/kg
21.5% CP
Broiler Finisher diet specifications
Fed from 25 days until market (47 days)
3200 kcal/kg
20% CP
How long are turkeys fed compared to broilers?
Broilers are fed to 47 days old and turkeys are fed to 16 weeks old
When do you restrict feed intake of broilers? What are the three methods?
During later growth and development
Skip-a-day, Daily restriction, Feed low energy or low protein/AA imbalanced diets
Skip-a-day
Feed birds every other day from 9 weeks until sexual maturity.
Birds will consume more feed than they normally would on days they are fed, but will not consume 2 days’ worth of feed.
Daily restriction
provide birds 75-85% of what they would consume from 9 weeks until sexual maturity.
Low energy diets
Reduces growth because not meeting energy requirements
Low protein diets
Reduce growth because not meeting protein/amino acid requirements
What do all restricted feed intake diets have in common?
All methods reduce growth by 10-15%
How are egg layers fed?
In phases based on egg laying
How do brown egg layers differ in requirements?
They have a higher calcium requirement
What are the 4 phases of feeding replacement pullets?
Starter, grower, finisher, pre-lay
Layer Starter phase
0-6 weeks
High protein
Layer Grower phase
6-12 weeks
slightly lower protein
Layer Finisher phase
12-18 weeks
Even lower protein
Pre-lay phase
High calcium
What are the three components of yolk?
Lipids, proteins, pigments
Lipids in yolk
70% fat
25% phosphorous
5% cholesterol
Proteins in yolk
Plasma albumin, antibodies, nutrient binding proteins
Pigments in yolk
Dependent on diet of bird
Tend to come from cord (Beta carotene) or marigold pellets (lutein)
Composition of eggs includes
Albumen and shell
Albumen
54% ovalalbumen
Binding proteins bind iron and B vitamins
Antimicrobial
Shell is made of?
Calcium Carbonate
What are the two phases of layer egg production?
Production of replacement/starter pullets
Production of eggs by layer hens
What are the three types of Egg contracts?
Fixed fee per dozen eggs
Fixed fee per hen per month
Percentage of returns
What does the producer own?
housing, equipment, labor, utilities, and sometimes litter
What does the contractor own/provide?
provides ready to lay birds, feed, and medication
Also owns all eggs
What is the standard percentage of total egg returns for the producer? Why?
15-18% which is proportional to total contribution of production
What are the four components of record keeping for layers?
Feed consumption
Number of eggs produced
Egg quality and size
Mortality
When do you replace layers?
When egg production drops below 65%
What are the two options for replacement programs?
Cull and use replacement pullets
Induce molting
What are the advantages to using replacement pullets?
Require less feed to produce a dozen eggs
Have higher interior egg quality
Have stronger shells