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Chicken Class > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of housing?

A

Tunnel houses - air flow down the house

Curtain window housing - more ventilation

Houses for layer/pullet cages

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2
Q

What are two unique things about Niche housing?

A

Outdoor access

Moveable

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3
Q

What are two considerations for site space?

A

Need adequate space for house(s) with space for trucks to load/unload and turn around

Land cleared, site is flat

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4
Q

What type of foundations are needed for houses?

A

Concrete

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5
Q

What are the typical dimensions of poultry houses?

A

They are typically 40-60 feet wide and 300 to 600 feet long

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6
Q

What are the three types of flooring?

A

Concrete - easy to clean but expensive
Compacted soil - cheap but hard to clean
Slotted - has slots so excreta can pass to storage, use less litter, easy to clean, save labor

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7
Q

What is pitch? What should the ratio be for poultry houses?

A

Pitch is the angle that the roof is sitting; should be 1:3 ratio of height:length

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8
Q

What should roof be lined with?

A

Insulation

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9
Q

What are walls typically made from?

A

galvanized metal and lined with insulation

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10
Q

What are the benefits of drop ceilings?

A

Allow for temperature management and improve ventilation

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11
Q

What are the 11 building location considerations?

A
  1. Water supply - access to high quality water
  2. Roads - access to all weather roads
  3. Telephones and electricity - reliable cell service, near electric lines
  4. Topography and geography - high ground/level surface
  5. Water drainage - reduce standing water
  6. Access to labor - available to hire
  7. Layout - easy of delivery and litter removal and market birids
  8. Landscaping - can provide privacy or protection from wind
  9. Fire protection - have houses 100 ft apart to prevent spread
  10. Appearance - attractiveness, repair fences
  11. Expansion - expand or add additional buildings
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12
Q

What is the core body temperature of poultry?

A

104-107.5 degrees Farenheit

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13
Q

Can young birds thermoregulate?

A

No, not until 12 days of age

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14
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone of layers vs broilers?

A

Layers: 68-75 degrees
Broilers: 70-75 degrees

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15
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

Range of ambient temperatures where animal can maintain its core body temperature without needing to take effort to raise or lower its body temperature

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16
Q

How does cooling of houses work? What are the two methods?

A

Cooling of houses incorporates evaporation of water removing heat from air; cool cell pads and misters/foggers

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17
Q

What are cool cell pads?

A

Sheets of paper-like material are wetted and placed at air inlet so that air entering house is cooled by evaporation

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18
Q

Misters/foggers

A

emit small droplets of water that readily evaporate and cool air in house

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19
Q

What are the two ways of heating houses?

A

Forced air space heaters and radiant tube heaters

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20
Q

What are forced air space heaters?

A

Heaters that have an internal element that produces heat with a fan that forces heat into house

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21
Q

How many forced air space heaters do you need for a 500ft house?

A

Four

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22
Q

What are radiant tube heaters?

A

Heaters that emit infrared radiation which increases temperature of litter

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23
Q

What are the 5 air quality parameters?

A
  1. Ammonia below 25 ppm
  2. CO2 below 3000 ppm
  3. CO below 10 ppm
  4. Humidity between 50-60%
  5. Low dust levels
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24
Q

What does CO2 above 3500 ppm cause?

A

Ascites which is fluid accumulation in abdomen due to increased blood pressure

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25
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement of air that utilizes fans

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26
Q

What is negative pressure ventilation?

A

Exhaust fans expel air from house that has entered through air inlets: tunnel and side ventilation

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27
Q

What is tunnel ventilation?

A

Air enters through air inlets and is pulled across length of house and expelled by exhaust fans

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28
Q

What is side ventilation?

A

Air enters through air inlets and exhaust fans pull air across the house width wise to expel air

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29
Q

What is positive pressure ventilation?

A

Air pulled in and naturally leaving

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30
Q

Describe mixing fans

A

On ceiling of house, supply low levels of ventilation from top of house, used when exhaust fans are off due to low environmental temperatures

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31
Q

What are brooders, and what are the two types?

A

Provide heat for young birds to maintain body temperature/thermoregulate; conventional and infrared

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32
Q

What are conventional brooders?

A

Use a light source to heat the air; pancake or hover

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33
Q

What are infrared brooders?

A

Use infrared radiation to heat the litter, more consistent temperatures

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34
Q

What are the two types of feeder systems?

A

Automatic feeder pans and automatic chain feeders

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35
Q

Automatic feeder pans

A

need one 12 inch diameter pan per 50-70 birds, lines of pans run the length of houses

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36
Q

Automatic chain feeder

A

Need one inch of feeder space per bird

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37
Q

How much feed should be stored?

A

Should be enough to supply 5 days of feed; 2 bulk storage per house that are connected to feeders

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38
Q

What are the two types of drinkers?

A

Bell drinkers and nipple drinkers

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39
Q

Bell drinkers

A

Open system, water can spill out and wet litter, water can become contaminated with litter or feed, 0.24 inches per bird, height of lip of drinker should be at same level as beak of birds when standing

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40
Q

Nipple drinker

A

closed system, requires pressurized water, if high pressure-need cup below nipples to catch water, 10 birds per nipple, height of nipples should be at birds head

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41
Q

Water storage system

A

should be included with house to store enough water for 48 hours including drinking and cooling

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42
Q

What are the conditions that need to be monitored in the house? (7)

A
  1. ammonia levels
  2. climate control
  3. temperature zones
  4. operation of fans
  5. lighting timers
  6. water flow
  7. feed flow
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43
Q

Standby generators

A

needed for power outages and prevent losses due to poor ventilation

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44
Q

What are the two types of layer equipment?

A

Cage system and nest boxes

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45
Q

Cage system

A

cages arranged in long rows with multiple tiers, can accommodate more birds per floor space, reduce incidence of parasites and facilitate egg production

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46
Q

Nest boxes

A

birds lay eggs in, sloped floors and egg collection boxes

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47
Q

What is the importance of genetic selection?

A

reduced time to market, increased market weight, reduction in feed required, increased egg production

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48
Q

What are breeding programs based on?

A

pedigree/grandparent or great grandparent lines

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49
Q

Pedigree lines

A

subjected to intensive selection, inbreeding, pedigree lines are crossed to get great grandparent lines

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50
Q

Great grandparent lines

A

crossed to produce grandparent lines

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51
Q

Where do industry birds come from?

A

grandparent lines

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52
Q

Where is breeding concentrated in the industry?

A

a few large international companies

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53
Q

Larger number of generations have….?

A

been subjected to intensive breeding

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54
Q

What are the three commercial breeding objectives?

A
  1. Increase product output per bird
  2. Increase efficiency of production
  3. Improve quality of product and disease resistance
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55
Q

Chicken genome

A

39 pairs

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56
Q

Turkey genome

A

44 pairs

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57
Q

ZZ

A

male

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58
Q

ZY

A

female

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59
Q

Where do sex linked traits show up more?

A

females

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60
Q

What does knowing genome allow?

A

better selection

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61
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphism

A

point mutations in a single nucleotide in a gene which can change the entire gene, sometimes good, 140 in chickens

62
Q

Dominant-recessive genes

A

birds have recessive, dominant, and additive, and overdominant genes

63
Q

Incomplete/additive dominance

A

both alleles expressed equally

64
Q

Over dominant

A

more expression of the dominant allele when paired with a recessive allele

65
Q

simple gene inheritance

A

only one gene is involved with a certain trait; qualitative traits (comb, skin/plumage color)

66
Q

Multiple gene inheritance

A

multiple genes are involved in a certain trait; quantitative traits (egg production, growth, FE)

67
Q

What are the 7 important traits in poultry?

A

Plumage color - white feathers are desirable for broilers and turkeys - Gives skin a clean appearance

Skin and shank color -Absence of melanin (skin pigment) to allow for yellow skin/shanks

Rate of feather development - Select for rapid feather development in females for sexing - Egg production

Body weight - 60% heritable

Growth rate - 35% heritable

Feed efficiency

Reduced mortality (disease resistance)

68
Q

Heterosis

A

crossbred birds outperform the average of their parents

69
Q

Percent hybrid vigor

A

(Crossbred avg. - parent avg.)/parent avg. x100

70
Q

The greater the genetic difference between lines..?

A

The greater hybrid vigor

71
Q

Primary breeders

A

large international companies, goal to maximize genetic gain, create purebred lines

72
Q

Grandparent lines

A

crossed to create parent lines which are sold to integrators

73
Q

Hatcheries genetics

A

provided with parent lines from primary breeders, cross parent lines to get production birds

74
Q

What are the three methods of mating/repro?

A

flock mating, pen mating, AI

75
Q

Flock mating

A

A number of males are allowed to run with entire flock of hens
1 male per 10-20 females

76
Q

Pen mating

A

A pen of hens with one male (10-20 hens)
Allows one to better know the parents of the offspring

77
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Ejaculate is collected from male, diluted and used to inseminate several females
Use fresh semen
Inseminate every 1-2 weeks

78
Q

What are the 6 categories of nutrition?

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Minerals

Vitamins

Water

79
Q

What are the three sources of energy?

A

carbs, triacylglycerol, and proteins

80
Q

Carbohydrates

A

most important energy source for poultry, glucose goes through glycolysis and CAC to provide energy then fat; abundant and cheap

81
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

oxidized for energy

82
Q

Proteins

A

amino acids can be oxidized for energy, not used to meet energy requirement in production due to cost and inefficiency

83
Q

Energy requirement meets needs for?

A

Maintenance of body

Maximal growth or egg production

84
Q

Who establishes poultry energy reqs?

A

National research council, based on published research and expert opinions

85
Q

What are the 8 things that affect energy requirements?

A

Body Size -Larger birds have lower energy requirements, Energy requirement decreases as animal grows

Breed - Purpose of the breed affects energy requirement

Activity - Birds with access to more space have higher energy requirement

Diurnal Rhythm -Birds less metabolically active during dark period, Longer dark periods, decreased energy requirement

Environmental temperature - Colder temperature, increased energy requirement to produce heat to maintain body temperature; Hotter temperature, increased energy requirement to dispel heat

Diet - Composition of diet affects energy needed to utilize other nutrients

Level of production - Higher producing birds have higher energy requirements

Feather coverage - Less feather coverage at low environmental temperature will increase energy requirements

86
Q

How is energy expressed?

A

caloric system

87
Q

Calorie

A

amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius

88
Q

Gross energy

A

total combustible energy in a feed stuff

Measured with a bomb calorimeter

89
Q

Digestible energy

A

portion of gross energy not found in feces

Not practical in poultry

90
Q

Metabolizable energy

A

portion of gross energy not lost in feces, gases, and urine

Gas production is negligible in poultry

Most commonly used form of energy in poultry nutrition

91
Q

Net energy

A

energy that is available for maintenance and production

Takes heat losses into account

92
Q

True vs apparent ME

A

True ME takes into account endogenous energy losses in the feces and urine while apparent ME does not

93
Q

Describe dietary carbs.

A

Glucose is the primary source of energy in diets

Dietary carbohydrates contain starches that are digested to glucose to provide energy

Birds do not have enzymes to break cellulose and hemicellulose - Very slight amount of hemicellulose can be fermented in ceca

94
Q

Dietary lipids

A

2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates per unit when oxidized

95
Q

Where are dietary lipids derived?

A

Rendering

Restaurant grease

Vegetable oil industry

96
Q

Essential fatty acids and what are they

A

Needed for specific functions in body and bird cannot synthesize; Omega 6

Linoleic acid

Arachidonic acid

97
Q

What if essential fatty acids are missing?

A

If missing from diet, birds exhibit poor growth, fatty livers, reduced egg size, reduced hatchability;

98
Q

Crude protein

A

estimates protein concentration by measuring nitrogen

CP = N x 6.25

Amino acids provided are more important than the CP provided

99
Q

Essential amino acids

A

required in diet because body cannot synthesize at high enough rates to meet needs

100
Q

Conditionally essential

A

amino acids that can be synthesized by the body but may become essential depending on the conditions

101
Q

Nonessential

A

can be synthesized by body at high enough rates for their need if provided enough Nitrogen in diet

102
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine

PVT TIM HALL

103
Q

What are the conditionally essential amino acids?

A

cysteine, glycine and tyrosine

104
Q

What are the most critical amino acids?

A

Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, and Tryptophan

105
Q

What are the 5 factors impacting amino acid reqs?

A
  1. rate of growth/intensity of egg production
  2. amino acid relationships
  3. antagonisms
  4. imbalances
  5. availability
106
Q

Amino acid relationships (3 of them)

A

Phenylalanine is needed for tyrosine synthesis

Methionine is needed for cysteine synthesis

Glycine and serine can be interconverted (If a lot of serine in diet, glycine no longer conditionally essential)

107
Q

Antagonisms

A

Adding extra of one amino acid can increase the requirement of another ;Adding one can make animal deficient in another amino acid

Valine, leucine, and isoleucine ; If add extra valine, add extra leucine and isoleucine

Arginine and Lysine ; If add extra arginine to diet, add extra lysine too

Requirements take into account antagonisms

108
Q

Imbalances

A

If supplementing AA, must know most limiting, 2nd, etc. Limit how much animal can grow/protein synthesis. Supplement extra first and second limiting; water barrel

109
Q

Availability

A

Digestibility/absorption ability; feather meal is not very digestible

110
Q

Borderline protein deficiency

A

Poor growth, poor feathering, reduced egg size, poor egg production, poor feed efficiency

111
Q

Severe protein deficiency

A

Stop eating, stop egg production, loss of body weight, stasis of digestive tract (crop distension), death

112
Q

Minerals

A

classified as elements; inorganic components of diet

113
Q

Macrominerals

A

required in large amounts in diet

114
Q

trace minerals

A

required in relatively small amounts in diet but still important

115
Q

What are the 6 macrominerals?

A

Calcium, phosphorous, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium

116
Q

What are the 6 trace minerals?

A

copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc

117
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

reduced growth, reduced egg production, soft-shelled eggs, reduced bone mineralization

118
Q

Phosphorous deficiency

A

weakened bones, leg problems

119
Q

Ca:P ratios

A

Broilers/replacement pullets: 2:1
Layers 8-12:1

120
Q

Sodium deficiency

A

reduced blood pressure, reduced cardiac output

121
Q

Chloride deficiency

A

lack of controlled movement, nervousness

122
Q

Potassium deficiency

A

muscle weakness, heart and respiratory problems, intestinal distension

123
Q

Magnesium deficiency

A

slow growth, lethargy, panting, gasping

124
Q

What happens if you feed too much magnesium?

A

Calcium and phosphorous deficiency

125
Q

Copper deficiency

A

anemia, weakened bones, lameness, aortic rupture in turkeys

126
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

reduced growth, reduced egg production, increased fat deposition (obesity)

127
Q

Iron deficiency

A

anemia

128
Q

Manganese deficiency

A

Perosis (slipped tendon), star gazing posture, reduced egg production, reduced shell thickness, reduced hatchability

129
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

ruffled feathers, unthriftiness, frequent bruising, edema, exudative diathesis, white gizzard disease (Turkeys)

130
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

slower growth, shorter leg bones, enlarged hock joints, scaly skin, poor feathering, loss of appetite

131
Q

Vitamins

A

organic compounds required in diets in small amounts for life; fat and water soluble

132
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Can be stored with fat; storage reserves found in Liver; younger birds do not have stores so you see deficiencies sooner

More likely to become toxic as they are stored in the body

A, D, E, K

133
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A

disruption of mucous membranes with white pustules, slower growth, emaciation, weakness, conjunctivitis, staggered gait

134
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A

disruption of mucous membranes with white pustules, slower growth, emaciation, weakness, conjunctivitis, staggered gait

135
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

decreased egg production and shell quality, bone weakness with increased breakage, reduced hatchability

136
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

encephalomalacia (Crazy chick disease), muscular dystrophy, degeneration of testes, decreased hatchability

137
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

increased susceptibility to hemorrhaging, increased blood clotting time

138
Q

What is the most likely vitamin to become toxic?

A

Vitamin A

139
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Deficiencies can happen much faster because most of them are not stored, excess is excreted in urine ; biotin, choline, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, B6. B12

140
Q

Biotin deficiency

A

cracking and degeneration of skin on feet and around beak, reduced hatchability

141
Q

Choline deficiency

A

growth depression, perosis

142
Q

Folate deficiency

A

poor growth, abnormal coloration of feathers, paralysis of neck, reduced egg production, reduced hatchability

143
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

slow growth, enlargement of hock joint, dermatitis, inflammation of tongue, poor feathering

144
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Reduced growth, poor feathering, lesions around beak, eyes, and vent, liver damage, reduced hatchability

145
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A

curled toe paralysis, reduced growth, diarrhea, reduced egg production, reduced hatchability

146
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A

polyneuritis, anorexia, emaciation, incoordination, ruffled feathers

147
Q

B6 deficiency

A

reduced growth, poor coordination, convulsions, anorexia, reduced egg production, reduced hatchability

148
Q

B12 deficiency

A

poor feed conversion, anemia, decreased growth, reduced hatchability

149
Q

Water requirements

A

Require free access to clean, fresh water at all times

A 2.3 kg broiler will consume around 6.3 L of water between hatch and market

General rule – birds drink twice as much by weight of water as they consume of feed

150
Q

A 10% loss of body water results in…? What about 20% loss?

A

severe physiological problems; death

Chicken Class (2 decks)

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