Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the three types of housing?
Tunnel houses - air flow down the house
Curtain window housing - more ventilation
Houses for layer/pullet cages
What are two unique things about Niche housing?
Outdoor access
Moveable
What are two considerations for site space?
Need adequate space for house(s) with space for trucks to load/unload and turn around
Land cleared, site is flat
What type of foundations are needed for houses?
Concrete
What are the typical dimensions of poultry houses?
They are typically 40-60 feet wide and 300 to 600 feet long
What are the three types of flooring?
Concrete - easy to clean but expensive
Compacted soil - cheap but hard to clean
Slotted - has slots so excreta can pass to storage, use less litter, easy to clean, save labor
What is pitch? What should the ratio be for poultry houses?
Pitch is the angle that the roof is sitting; should be 1:3 ratio of height:length
What should roof be lined with?
Insulation
What are walls typically made from?
galvanized metal and lined with insulation
What are the benefits of drop ceilings?
Allow for temperature management and improve ventilation
What are the 11 building location considerations?
- Water supply - access to high quality water
- Roads - access to all weather roads
- Telephones and electricity - reliable cell service, near electric lines
- Topography and geography - high ground/level surface
- Water drainage - reduce standing water
- Access to labor - available to hire
- Layout - easy of delivery and litter removal and market birids
- Landscaping - can provide privacy or protection from wind
- Fire protection - have houses 100 ft apart to prevent spread
- Appearance - attractiveness, repair fences
- Expansion - expand or add additional buildings
What is the core body temperature of poultry?
104-107.5 degrees Farenheit
Can young birds thermoregulate?
No, not until 12 days of age
What is the thermoneutral zone of layers vs broilers?
Layers: 68-75 degrees
Broilers: 70-75 degrees
What is the thermoneutral zone?
Range of ambient temperatures where animal can maintain its core body temperature without needing to take effort to raise or lower its body temperature
How does cooling of houses work? What are the two methods?
Cooling of houses incorporates evaporation of water removing heat from air; cool cell pads and misters/foggers
What are cool cell pads?
Sheets of paper-like material are wetted and placed at air inlet so that air entering house is cooled by evaporation
Misters/foggers
emit small droplets of water that readily evaporate and cool air in house
What are the two ways of heating houses?
Forced air space heaters and radiant tube heaters
What are forced air space heaters?
Heaters that have an internal element that produces heat with a fan that forces heat into house
How many forced air space heaters do you need for a 500ft house?
Four
What are radiant tube heaters?
Heaters that emit infrared radiation which increases temperature of litter
What are the 5 air quality parameters?
- Ammonia below 25 ppm
- CO2 below 3000 ppm
- CO below 10 ppm
- Humidity between 50-60%
- Low dust levels
What does CO2 above 3500 ppm cause?
Ascites which is fluid accumulation in abdomen due to increased blood pressure
What is ventilation?
The movement of air that utilizes fans
What is negative pressure ventilation?
Exhaust fans expel air from house that has entered through air inlets: tunnel and side ventilation
What is tunnel ventilation?
Air enters through air inlets and is pulled across length of house and expelled by exhaust fans
What is side ventilation?
Air enters through air inlets and exhaust fans pull air across the house width wise to expel air
What is positive pressure ventilation?
Air pulled in and naturally leaving
Describe mixing fans
On ceiling of house, supply low levels of ventilation from top of house, used when exhaust fans are off due to low environmental temperatures
What are brooders, and what are the two types?
Provide heat for young birds to maintain body temperature/thermoregulate; conventional and infrared
What are conventional brooders?
Use a light source to heat the air; pancake or hover
What are infrared brooders?
Use infrared radiation to heat the litter, more consistent temperatures
What are the two types of feeder systems?
Automatic feeder pans and automatic chain feeders
Automatic feeder pans
need one 12 inch diameter pan per 50-70 birds, lines of pans run the length of houses
Automatic chain feeder
Need one inch of feeder space per bird
How much feed should be stored?
Should be enough to supply 5 days of feed; 2 bulk storage per house that are connected to feeders
What are the two types of drinkers?
Bell drinkers and nipple drinkers
Bell drinkers
Open system, water can spill out and wet litter, water can become contaminated with litter or feed, 0.24 inches per bird, height of lip of drinker should be at same level as beak of birds when standing
Nipple drinker
closed system, requires pressurized water, if high pressure-need cup below nipples to catch water, 10 birds per nipple, height of nipples should be at birds head
Water storage system
should be included with house to store enough water for 48 hours including drinking and cooling
What are the conditions that need to be monitored in the house? (7)
- ammonia levels
- climate control
- temperature zones
- operation of fans
- lighting timers
- water flow
- feed flow
Standby generators
needed for power outages and prevent losses due to poor ventilation
What are the two types of layer equipment?
Cage system and nest boxes
Cage system
cages arranged in long rows with multiple tiers, can accommodate more birds per floor space, reduce incidence of parasites and facilitate egg production
Nest boxes
birds lay eggs in, sloped floors and egg collection boxes
What is the importance of genetic selection?
reduced time to market, increased market weight, reduction in feed required, increased egg production
What are breeding programs based on?
pedigree/grandparent or great grandparent lines
Pedigree lines
subjected to intensive selection, inbreeding, pedigree lines are crossed to get great grandparent lines
Great grandparent lines
crossed to produce grandparent lines
Where do industry birds come from?
grandparent lines
Where is breeding concentrated in the industry?
a few large international companies
Larger number of generations have….?
been subjected to intensive breeding
What are the three commercial breeding objectives?
- Increase product output per bird
- Increase efficiency of production
- Improve quality of product and disease resistance
Chicken genome
39 pairs
Turkey genome
44 pairs
ZZ
male
ZY
female
Where do sex linked traits show up more?
females
What does knowing genome allow?
better selection
Single nucleotide polymorphism
point mutations in a single nucleotide in a gene which can change the entire gene, sometimes good, 140 in chickens
Dominant-recessive genes
birds have recessive, dominant, and additive, and overdominant genes
Incomplete/additive dominance
both alleles expressed equally
Over dominant
more expression of the dominant allele when paired with a recessive allele
simple gene inheritance
only one gene is involved with a certain trait; qualitative traits (comb, skin/plumage color)
Multiple gene inheritance
multiple genes are involved in a certain trait; quantitative traits (egg production, growth, FE)
What are the 7 important traits in poultry?
Plumage color - white feathers are desirable for broilers and turkeys - Gives skin a clean appearance
Skin and shank color -Absence of melanin (skin pigment) to allow for yellow skin/shanks
Rate of feather development - Select for rapid feather development in females for sexing - Egg production
Body weight - 60% heritable
Growth rate - 35% heritable
Feed efficiency
Reduced mortality (disease resistance)
Heterosis
crossbred birds outperform the average of their parents
Percent hybrid vigor
(Crossbred avg. - parent avg.)/parent avg. x100
The greater the genetic difference between lines..?
The greater hybrid vigor
Primary breeders
large international companies, goal to maximize genetic gain, create purebred lines
Grandparent lines
crossed to create parent lines which are sold to integrators
Hatcheries genetics
provided with parent lines from primary breeders, cross parent lines to get production birds
What are the three methods of mating/repro?
flock mating, pen mating, AI
Flock mating
A number of males are allowed to run with entire flock of hens
1 male per 10-20 females
Pen mating
A pen of hens with one male (10-20 hens)
Allows one to better know the parents of the offspring
Artificial insemination
Ejaculate is collected from male, diluted and used to inseminate several females
Use fresh semen
Inseminate every 1-2 weeks
What are the 6 categories of nutrition?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
What are the three sources of energy?
carbs, triacylglycerol, and proteins
Carbohydrates
most important energy source for poultry, glucose goes through glycolysis and CAC to provide energy then fat; abundant and cheap
Triacylglycerol
oxidized for energy
Proteins
amino acids can be oxidized for energy, not used to meet energy requirement in production due to cost and inefficiency
Energy requirement meets needs for?
Maintenance of body
Maximal growth or egg production
Who establishes poultry energy reqs?
National research council, based on published research and expert opinions
What are the 8 things that affect energy requirements?
Body Size -Larger birds have lower energy requirements, Energy requirement decreases as animal grows
Breed - Purpose of the breed affects energy requirement
Activity - Birds with access to more space have higher energy requirement
Diurnal Rhythm -Birds less metabolically active during dark period, Longer dark periods, decreased energy requirement
Environmental temperature - Colder temperature, increased energy requirement to produce heat to maintain body temperature; Hotter temperature, increased energy requirement to dispel heat
Diet - Composition of diet affects energy needed to utilize other nutrients
Level of production - Higher producing birds have higher energy requirements
Feather coverage - Less feather coverage at low environmental temperature will increase energy requirements
How is energy expressed?
caloric system
Calorie
amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius
Gross energy
total combustible energy in a feed stuff
Measured with a bomb calorimeter
Digestible energy
portion of gross energy not found in feces
Not practical in poultry
Metabolizable energy
portion of gross energy not lost in feces, gases, and urine
Gas production is negligible in poultry
Most commonly used form of energy in poultry nutrition
Net energy
energy that is available for maintenance and production
Takes heat losses into account
True vs apparent ME
True ME takes into account endogenous energy losses in the feces and urine while apparent ME does not
Describe dietary carbs.
Glucose is the primary source of energy in diets
Dietary carbohydrates contain starches that are digested to glucose to provide energy
Birds do not have enzymes to break cellulose and hemicellulose - Very slight amount of hemicellulose can be fermented in ceca
Dietary lipids
2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates per unit when oxidized
Where are dietary lipids derived?
Rendering
Restaurant grease
Vegetable oil industry
Essential fatty acids and what are they
Needed for specific functions in body and bird cannot synthesize; Omega 6
Linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid
What if essential fatty acids are missing?
If missing from diet, birds exhibit poor growth, fatty livers, reduced egg size, reduced hatchability;
Crude protein
estimates protein concentration by measuring nitrogen
CP = N x 6.25
Amino acids provided are more important than the CP provided
Essential amino acids
required in diet because body cannot synthesize at high enough rates to meet needs
Conditionally essential
amino acids that can be synthesized by the body but may become essential depending on the conditions
Nonessential
can be synthesized by body at high enough rates for their need if provided enough Nitrogen in diet
What are the essential amino acids?
Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
PVT TIM HALL
What are the conditionally essential amino acids?
cysteine, glycine and tyrosine
What are the most critical amino acids?
Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, and Tryptophan
What are the 5 factors impacting amino acid reqs?
- rate of growth/intensity of egg production
- amino acid relationships
- antagonisms
- imbalances
- availability
Amino acid relationships (3 of them)
Phenylalanine is needed for tyrosine synthesis
Methionine is needed for cysteine synthesis
Glycine and serine can be interconverted (If a lot of serine in diet, glycine no longer conditionally essential)
Antagonisms
Adding extra of one amino acid can increase the requirement of another ;Adding one can make animal deficient in another amino acid
Valine, leucine, and isoleucine ; If add extra valine, add extra leucine and isoleucine
Arginine and Lysine ; If add extra arginine to diet, add extra lysine too
Requirements take into account antagonisms
Imbalances
If supplementing AA, must know most limiting, 2nd, etc. Limit how much animal can grow/protein synthesis. Supplement extra first and second limiting; water barrel
Availability
Digestibility/absorption ability; feather meal is not very digestible
Borderline protein deficiency
Poor growth, poor feathering, reduced egg size, poor egg production, poor feed efficiency
Severe protein deficiency
Stop eating, stop egg production, loss of body weight, stasis of digestive tract (crop distension), death
Minerals
classified as elements; inorganic components of diet
Macrominerals
required in large amounts in diet
trace minerals
required in relatively small amounts in diet but still important
What are the 6 macrominerals?
Calcium, phosphorous, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium
What are the 6 trace minerals?
copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc
Calcium deficiency
reduced growth, reduced egg production, soft-shelled eggs, reduced bone mineralization
Phosphorous deficiency
weakened bones, leg problems
Ca:P ratios
Broilers/replacement pullets: 2:1
Layers 8-12:1
Sodium deficiency
reduced blood pressure, reduced cardiac output
Chloride deficiency
lack of controlled movement, nervousness
Potassium deficiency
muscle weakness, heart and respiratory problems, intestinal distension
Magnesium deficiency
slow growth, lethargy, panting, gasping
What happens if you feed too much magnesium?
Calcium and phosphorous deficiency
Copper deficiency
anemia, weakened bones, lameness, aortic rupture in turkeys
Iodine deficiency
reduced growth, reduced egg production, increased fat deposition (obesity)
Iron deficiency
anemia
Manganese deficiency
Perosis (slipped tendon), star gazing posture, reduced egg production, reduced shell thickness, reduced hatchability
Selenium deficiency
ruffled feathers, unthriftiness, frequent bruising, edema, exudative diathesis, white gizzard disease (Turkeys)
Zinc deficiency
slower growth, shorter leg bones, enlarged hock joints, scaly skin, poor feathering, loss of appetite
Vitamins
organic compounds required in diets in small amounts for life; fat and water soluble
Fat soluble vitamins
Can be stored with fat; storage reserves found in Liver; younger birds do not have stores so you see deficiencies sooner
More likely to become toxic as they are stored in the body
A, D, E, K
Vitamin A Deficiency
disruption of mucous membranes with white pustules, slower growth, emaciation, weakness, conjunctivitis, staggered gait
Vitamin A Deficiency
disruption of mucous membranes with white pustules, slower growth, emaciation, weakness, conjunctivitis, staggered gait
Vitamin D deficiency
decreased egg production and shell quality, bone weakness with increased breakage, reduced hatchability
Vitamin E deficiency
encephalomalacia (Crazy chick disease), muscular dystrophy, degeneration of testes, decreased hatchability
Vitamin K deficiency
increased susceptibility to hemorrhaging, increased blood clotting time
What is the most likely vitamin to become toxic?
Vitamin A
Water soluble vitamins
Deficiencies can happen much faster because most of them are not stored, excess is excreted in urine ; biotin, choline, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, B6. B12
Biotin deficiency
cracking and degeneration of skin on feet and around beak, reduced hatchability
Choline deficiency
growth depression, perosis
Folate deficiency
poor growth, abnormal coloration of feathers, paralysis of neck, reduced egg production, reduced hatchability
Niacin deficiency
slow growth, enlargement of hock joint, dermatitis, inflammation of tongue, poor feathering
Pantothenic acid deficiency
Reduced growth, poor feathering, lesions around beak, eyes, and vent, liver damage, reduced hatchability
Riboflavin deficiency
curled toe paralysis, reduced growth, diarrhea, reduced egg production, reduced hatchability
Thiamin deficiency
polyneuritis, anorexia, emaciation, incoordination, ruffled feathers
B6 deficiency
reduced growth, poor coordination, convulsions, anorexia, reduced egg production, reduced hatchability
B12 deficiency
poor feed conversion, anemia, decreased growth, reduced hatchability
Water requirements
Require free access to clean, fresh water at all times
A 2.3 kg broiler will consume around 6.3 L of water between hatch and market
General rule – birds drink twice as much by weight of water as they consume of feed
A 10% loss of body water results in…? What about 20% loss?
severe physiological problems; death
