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BMS 521 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytotoxic T cells express what?

A

CD8 to recognize MHC 1 proteins on infected cell

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2
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells act?

A

they kill antigen-bearing target cells direclty

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3
Q

What do T-helper cells express?

A

CD4 to recognize MHC 2 protein on infected cell

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4
Q

How do T-helper cells act?

A

they act through cytokines to promote immune reactions

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5
Q

Cytokines signal what?

A

B-cells

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6
Q

What are the two subclasses of T-helper cells?

A

T-helper 1
T-helper 2

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7
Q

Which T-helper cell is less specific?

A

T-helper 1

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8
Q

How do T-helper 1 cells work?

A

they attract and activate macrophages for non-specific cellular defense
initiate inflammation

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9
Q

How do T-helper 2 cells work?

A

stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies
very specific

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10
Q

How do natural killer cells work?

A

they have no memory but recognize any foreign cells and kill the entire cell

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11
Q

Natural killer cells are an effective defense against what cells?

A

cancer and virus infected cells

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12
Q

What cells make antibodies?

A

B-cells

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13
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

serum, milk, and gastric secretions

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14
Q

How do B-cells work?

A

antibodies on cell surface interacts with antigens & B-cell uses phagocytosis to ingest pathogen

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15
Q

Antibodies are also known as what?

A

immunoglobulins

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16
Q

What is the structure of antibodies?

A

two heavy chains
two light chains

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17
Q

What fragments of antibodies can bind antigens?

A

Fab fragments (top 2 parts of the Y shaped antibody)

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18
Q

What fragments of antibodies cannot bind antigens?

A

Fc fragment (bottom stem of the Y shaped antibody)

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19
Q

What is the protease that digests the antibody into its 3 fragments?

A

papain

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20
Q

What part of the Fab fragment on an antibody actually binds the antigen?

A

variable region
it varies from antibody to antibody

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21
Q

What are the 5 types of antibodies?

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD

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22
Q

Which type of antibody is found in secretions from mucous membranes?

A

IgA

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23
Q

Which types of antibodies are found in blood?

A

IgG and IgM

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24
Q

Which type of antibody is found in serum & is involved in parasite immunity & allergies?

A

IgE

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25
Q

Which type of antibody is found on the surface of B-cells?

A

IgD

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26
Q

What is the most common antibody?

A

IgG

27
Q

Structure of IgG antibody

A

2 long heavy chains
2 short light chains
heavy and light chains held together by disulfide bonds
Y shaped

28
Q

Structure of IgM antibody

A

5 antibody molecules hooked together by J-chains

29
Q

What is the first antibody to be made in response to bacterial infection?

A

IgM

30
Q

Structure of IgA antibody

A

2 antibody molecules held together by a J-chain

31
Q

Structure of IgE antibody

A

have an extra constant region
look like IgG

32
Q

Structure of IgD

A

look like IgG

33
Q

What are opsonins?

A

a substance that binds to foreign cells & makes them more susceptible to phagocytosis

34
Q

What is opsonization?

A

an immune process that uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens

35
Q

What is complement activations mode of action?

A
  1. antibodies destroy foreign cells by forming holes in the membrane
  2. phagocytosis
  3. attract macrophages & neutrophils through chemotaxis
  4. inflammation
36
Q

Define inflammation

A

a nonspecific response to toxins that is mediated by the release of cytokines & chemokines
is localized to the site of infection

37
Q

What are the consequences of immune responses?

A

inflammation
septic shock
hypersensitivity

38
Q

Define septic shock

A

a severe inflammatory response that spreads through the entire body
often caused by gram negative bacteria

39
Q

What mediates type 1 (immediate) hypersensitivity?

A

IgE antibody

40
Q

What are some immediate hypersensitivity allergens?

A

pollen
insect venom
certain foods
dust
animal dander

41
Q

Describe type 1 (immediate) hypersensitivity

A

reaction occurs minutes after exposure to antigen

42
Q

Describe type 2 hypersensitivity

A

IgG antibodies work against LOCAL antigens

43
Q

Describe type 3 hypersensitivity

A

IgG antibodies work against CIRCULATING antigens

44
Q

Describe type 4 (delayed) hypersensitivity

A

TH1 helper cells produced inflammatory responses that CAUSED tissue damage
symptoms appears hours after secondary exposure to antigens

45
Q

What are superantigens?

A

class of ANTIGENS that can activate an excessive amount of T-cells

46
Q

Describe active immunity

A

immune response that is stimulated by the presence of an antigen
causes permanent change

47
Q

Describe natural active immunity

A

immunity following recovery from a disease

48
Q

Describe artificial active immunity

A

induced by injection of antigen-immunization

49
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

temporary immunity due to the presence of antibodies made by another person

50
Q

Describe natural passive immunity

A

infants receive antibodies from their mother through milk

51
Q

Describe artificial passive immunity

A

induced by injections of pre-formed antibodies

52
Q

What happens during netosis?

A

neutrophils self destruct & release NET to stop spread of pathogen

53
Q

What is the inflammasome?

A

a complex that senses the presence of nucleic acids from pathogens

54
Q

What allows for the evolutionary progression of cancer?

A

cancer cells grow too fast, do not die, have independence from the environment, migrate, and have access to nutrient supply

55
Q

What is metastasis caused by?

A

uncontrolled cell growth & evasion of apoptosis

56
Q

What causes uncontrolled proliferation (cell division) generating a malignant cell?

A

mutation in APC suppressor gene
active Ras protein
loss of p53 suppressor gene

57
Q

Production of which 2 proteins cause rapid tumor expression?

A

MYC and RasV12

58
Q

What are the 3 steps of apoptosis?

A
  1. membrane forms irregular buds called blebs
  2. membrane protrusions form
  3. cell breaks apart into multiple apoptotic bodies
59
Q

What apoptotic caspases are initiator caspases that send signals to active executioner caspases when the cell is under stress?

A

2, 8, 9, 10

60
Q

Which apoptotic caspases are executioner caspases that degrade cell components?

A

3, 6, 7

61
Q

What is pyroptosis?

A

form of programmed cell death that induces an immune response

62
Q

When does pyroptosis happen?

A

in response to microbial infections & heart attacks

63
Q

What are PDL proteins?

A

programmed cell death proteins that can bind to PD1 protein on T-cell & trigger apoptosis

BMS 521 (3 decks)

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