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Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The 1st group of antimicrobials, whose therapeutic properties were described were the

A

Penicillins

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2
Q

The 1st group of antimicrobials used therapeutically were the

A

Sulfonamides

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3
Q

What was the heaviest used antimicrobials of the 1950s?

A

Tetracyclines

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4
Q

Synthetic penicillin were first utilized in

A

1959

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5
Q

List the 3 ways in which microorganisms can attain acquired resistance

A
  1. Change cell membrane permeability
  2. Change attachment site on cell membrane
  3. Produce an agent lethal to antimicrobials
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6
Q

List the 3 organisms used in the manufacturing of antibiotics

A
  1. Yeast
  2. Mold
  3. Bacteria
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7
Q

What is considered the hallmark with the use of antibiotics?

A

Produce inhibitory activity in low doses

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8
Q

List the 2 divisions of penicillin drugs

A
  1. Plain

2. Semi-synthetic **

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9
Q

What are the advantages of using semi-synthetic drugs?

A
  1. More broad spectrum against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria.
  2. Increased half life leading to a longer duration of action.
  3. Decreased dosing.
  4. Increased resistance to stomach acid making formulation more acid stable.
  5. Less resistance being created.
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10
Q

List the 2 general types of substances that create semi-synthetic penicillin drugs

A
  1. Organic compounds

2. Salts

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11
Q

List the 2 organic compounds that can be added to plain penicillin drugs

A
  1. Benzathine

2. Procaine

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12
Q

List the 3 salts that create semi-synthetic penicillin

A
  1. Sodium (solution)
  2. Potassium (solution)
  3. Trihydrates (suspension)
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13
Q

List two brand names of the combination penicillin drug called procaine benzylpenicillin and benzathine benzylpenicillin

A
  1. Flocillin
  2. Combipen
  3. Depo-Penicillin
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14
Q

Give the brand name for Ampicillin Trihydrate

A

Polyflex

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15
Q

Give the brand name for Ampicillin Sodium

A

Omnipen

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16
Q

Give the brand name for Potassium Hetacillin

A

Hetacin-K

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17
Q

List the 2 names the generic preparation amoxicillin are called

A
  1. Amoxi (tab, injection, drops)

2. Robamox

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18
Q

Give the brand name for Gentamicin Sulfate (Aminoglycoside)

A

Gentocin

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19
Q

Give the brand name for Kanamycin Sulfate (Aminoglycoside)

A

Kantrim

Kantrex

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20
Q

Give the brand name Amikacin Sulfate

Aminoglycoside

A

Amiglyde V

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21
Q

The most toxic aminoglycoside is

A

Neomycin Sulfate

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22
Q

The most broad spectrum aminoglycoside is

A

Amikacin Sulfate

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23
Q

The only aminoglycoside effective orally is

A

Kanamycin Sulfate

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24
Q

Why are most aminoglycosides are not effective orally?

A

Too acid labile

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25
What is the most common route of administration for aminoglycosides?
Topical
26
The 2 main side effects of aminoglycosides are:
1. Nephrotoxic | 2. Ototoxic
27
How do tetracyclines work?
Inhibit protein synthesis.
28
What type of action is produced on the organisms sensitive to Tetracyclines?
Bacteriostatic
29
Define chelation
Binding of a substance to metals
30
Give the brand name for Doxycycline Hyclate
Vibramycin
31
What is the main disadvantage with the use of Tetracyclines?
Only comes in oral forms`
32
Why are Tetracyclines contraindicated in ruminant in the oral form?
Cause normal flora inhibition in rumen which disrupts fermentation
33
Cephalosporin drugs are closely related to which other family of antibiotics?
Penicillin
34
Give the brand name for Cefazolin Sodium
Kefsol
35
Give the brand name for Cefadroxil Monohydrate
Cefa Tab
36
Give the brand name for Cephalothin
Keflin
37
Give the brand name for Cephalexin
Keflex
38
Give the brand name for Enrofloxacin
Baytril
39
Give the brand name for Orbifloxacin
Orbax
40
Give the brand name for Marbofloxacin
Zeniquin
41
Give the brand name for Ciprofloxacin
Cipro
42
List the 2 main polypeptides and the type of bacteria each are effective against
1. Bacitracin (Gr +) | 2. Polymyxin B (Gr -)
43
The 2 main disadvantages with the administration of the single component polypeptides
1. Highly toxic when given systemically. | 2. Nephrotoxic
44
The most common route of polypeptide administration
Topical, also ophthalmic
45
The drug added to the 2 polypeptides listed
Neomycin Sulfate
46
The 3 brand names for the combination Polypeptide drug
Neobacimyx, Tri-Thalmic, Neosporin
47
Chloramphenicol is known by the abbreviation and has 3 common brand names
CHPC - Anacetin - Vedichol - Chlorichol - Chlormycetin
48
List the 2 potential side effects with the administration of systemic acting Chloramphenicol
1. Hepatotoxicity 2. Anemia 3. Inhibit Wound Healing and Antibody Formation
49
Anti-fungal antibiotics are also known as, classified as with regards to action on Fungi
1. Fungicidal | 2. Fungistatic
50
The 2 divisions of fungal disorders are
1. Superficial * | 2. Systemic
51
The main superficial fungal disorder is known as
Dermatomycosis (ringworm)
52
List the main drug of choice of the systemic treatment of the superficial disorder
Griseofulvin (Fulvicin) | Fungistatic
53
What are the 3 main side effects of Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)
1. Embryotoxic 2. Teratogenic 3. Fungus easily develops resistance to drug.
54
Give the brand name for Ketoconazole
Nizoral | *Can treat superficial or systemic fungi
55
The main single component, topically applied drug used for the treatment of superficial fungal disorders is known as
Miconozole (Conofite)
56
Tresaderm contains
1. Thiabendazole 2. Dexamethasone 3. Neomycin Sulfate
57
For what types of conditions is Tresaderm used?
1. Bacterial 2. Mycotic 3. Inflammatory Dermatoses
58
What are the 4 components of Panalog?
1. Nystatin (antimycotic) 2. Neomycin Sulfate (antimicrobial) 3. Thiostrepton (antimycotic) 4. Triamcinolone (steroid)
59
The main drug of choice for the systemic treatment of the systemic fungal disorders
``` Amphotericin B (Fungizone) IV solution or oral tablet ```
60
List the side effects of Amphotericin B (Fungizone)
1. Nephrotoxic 2. Hepatotoxic 3. Anemia 4. CNS disturbances 5. GI upset
61
PABA stands for
para amino benzoic acid
62
Briefly explain the pharmacologic activity of Sulfonamides
Interfere with metabolic pathways
63
What is the action of Sulfonamides?
Bacteriostatic
64
List the side effects of Sulfonamides
1. Crystalluria 2. Hypoprothrombinemia 3. Skin Reaction 4. GI Upset
65
Give the brand names for Sulfadimethoxine
Bactrovet, Albon
66
Give the brand name for Silver Sulfadiazine
Silvadene, Thermazine
67
List the 2 changes created in sulfonamide drugs with the addition of Trimethoprim or Ormetoprim
1. Less frequent administration | 2. More broad spectrum
68
Give the brand name for Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim
Tribrissen; D-Trim; Tucaprine
69
Give the brand name for Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim
Bactrim
70
Give the brand name for Sulfadimethoxine and Ormetoprim
Primor
71
List the 2 main indications for the use of Metronidazole (Flagyl)
1. Giardia | 2. Clostridium Pefringes

Phamacology (5 decks)

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