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Bio of Cancer > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three classes of tumors

A

Indolent tumors

Aggressive tumors

Intermediate tumors

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2
Q

Describe indolent tumors

A

Squamous cell and skin

Low invasive potential

See if it’s even worth treating

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3
Q

Describe aggressive tumors

A

More likely to metastasize

Use surgery, drugs, immunotherapy

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4
Q

Describe intermediate tumors

A

May or may not metastasize

Can use extraction but may not be enough

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5
Q

Which class of tumor is trickier to determine how to treat

A

Intermediate

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6
Q

what are the two classes of drugs

A

DNA modifying agents

antimetabolites

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7
Q

what are examples of DNA modifying agents

A

alkylating agents, cross-linkers, strand breaks

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8
Q

what are examples of antimetabolites

A

base analogs, topoisomerase inhibitors, microtubule inhibitors

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9
Q

what are the four ways drugs act on cancer cells

A

make cancer cells differentiate

activate apoptosis

deprive cells of anti-apoptosis signals

cause mitotic catastrophe

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10
Q

what is an example of making cells differentiate

A

in APL leukemia, get blast cells to differentiate into PMN neutrophil cells

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11
Q

what is an example of depriving cells of anti-apoptosis signals

A

inhibit activation of Akt/PKB

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12
Q

what are the ways to pick a target

A

can we mimic tumor suppressor function

enhance caretaker of DNA repair mechanisms

oncoproteins

is the target druggable

protein to protein interactions

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13
Q

how many kinases do we have

A

518

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14
Q

most kinases are what type

A

STKs

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15
Q

what drug targets kinases and how does it work

A

Tarceva takes spot in EGF receptor kinase domain

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16
Q

describe the development of drugs

A

must bind and inhibit function at low concentrations—move on to tests in cell culture—tests in lab animals—phase I—phase II— phase III

17
Q

what does drug testing in animals determine

A

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

18
Q

what are pharmacokinetics

A

how effective it is in an organism

efficacy in vivo

does it accumulate in plasma or tissue

19
Q

what are pharmacodynamic

A

ability to inhibit target in a treated tumor

20
Q

what occurs in a phase I trial

A

measure drugs toxicity

use PK and PD values to determine the therapeutic window

21
Q

what occurs in a phase II trial

A

measure effectivity

make decisions about what types of tumors to treat and at what stage

22
Q

what occurs in phase III trials

A

look for a better response than from other available treatments

23
Q

how many drugs make it through phase III

A

1%

24
Q

Explain Gleevec and what type of cancer it works against

A

inhibits Bcr-Abl kinase activity and works against Kit and PDGF receptor

pancreatic cancer

25
Q

What are examples of EGF receptor drugs

A

Tarceva and Iressa

26
Q

How do Tarceva and Iressa work and what do they work against

A

inhibit kinase activity

effective in non small cell lung tumors

27
Q

what is Velcade and what does it work against

A

proteasome inhibitor

NF-kB then can’t be degraded so apoptosis can occur

multiple myeloma

28
Q

Explain Cyclopamine and what it fights against

A

false hellbore teratogen inhibits smoothened so Gli cannot promote proliferation

basal cell carcinoma

29
Q

Exaplain Rapamycin and what it fights against

A

blocks mTOR activity and therefore Akt/PKB pathway

colon cancer

30
Q

what are the plots called that we’ve been sing all semester

A

Kaplan-Meier plots

31
Q

what are three ways macrophages fight cancer

A

present peptides to the immune system on MHC-2

detect stress signals on cells and destroy them

endocytose antigens bound to variable region of mutated cells

32
Q

what are three ways macrophages help cancer

A

produce VEGF to promote angiogenesis

can degrade ECM and open up invasion past basement membrane

supply EGF to cells to promote proliferation

33
Q

why do inactivating mutations lead to cancer in tumor suppressor genes but not proto-oncogenes

A

tumor suppressor genes are usually recessive so can still function with only one good copy

proto-onc are usually dominant so one mutation could ruin all of its functioning

34
Q

what is a microarray

A

map of gene expression with various organs to help identify type of cancer and show over expression

Bio of Cancer (4 decks)

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