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Bio of Cancer > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many types of cancer are there

A

200

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2
Q

What areas become cancerous easily

A

Areas where cells are most frequently replaced

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3
Q

What are the most common cancers

A 
Skin
Prostate
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
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4
Q

What specific areas are less prone to cancer

A

Muscle
Nine
Nerves

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5
Q

How many cells need to be transformed to start a tumor

A

1

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6
Q

What is a transformed cell and is it cancer or not cancer

A

Cell that grows and divides independently

Cancer

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7
Q

Define neoplasia. Is it cancer or not?

A

A node also growth of tissue

May be cancer

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8
Q

Define tumors and list the two kinds

A

Mass of tissue

Benign
Malignant

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9
Q

What is oncology

A

Study of cancer

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10
Q

Define metastasis

A

Spreading to distant sites

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11
Q

Define carcinoma in situ

A

Cancer cells remain where they began

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12
Q

What are carcinogens and give examples

A 
Things that cause cancer
Chemical
Radiation
Inheritance 
Viruses
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13
Q

List examples of chemical carcinogens

A

Chemicals in diet, environment, occupation

Benzo(a)pyrene in cigarette smoke

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14
Q

Give examples of radiation carcinogens

A

X-rays
Gamma rays
UV

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15
Q

List examples of inheritance carcinogens

A

Braka gene leads to breast cancer

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16
Q

List examples of viral carcinogens

A

HPV leads to cervical cancer

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17
Q

Cancer accounts for what percentage of deaths

A

22%

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18
Q

Cancer is the ____ over cause of death

A

2

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19
Q

About how many ppl develop cancer at some point

A

42%

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20
Q

What cancers are most common in men

A

Prostate
Lung
Colorectal

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21
Q

What cancers are most common in women

A

Breast lung colorectal

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22
Q

Which cancers cause the most deaths per year in men

A

Lung
Prostate
Colorectal

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23
Q

What cause the most deaths per year in women

A

Lung
Breast
Colorectal

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24
Q

What are ways to prevent cancers

A

Diet
Radiation exposure
chemical exposure

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25
Q

What are ways to protect against cancer

A

Diet- antioxidants, low fat, high fiber

Sunscreen

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26
Q

What are some ways to diagnose cancer

A

Mammogram
MRI
Liquid biopsy

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27
Q

What is a liquid biopsy and what are the pros and cons

A

Look for cancer cells in blood

Pros- less invasive and earlier detection

Cons- error rate

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28
Q

What are ways to treat cancer

A

Chemo
Radiation
Immunotherapy

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29
Q

What is the overall survival rate of cancer

A

75%

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30
Q

Define genes

A

Discrete info packets that determine traits

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31
Q

What are wild type vs mutant alleles

A

WT Is the most common

Mutant is the least common

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32
Q

How much of out DNA is junk

A

97%

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33
Q

What are polymorphisms and what can the be used for an track lineages of organisms

A

Subtle differences in sequences

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34
Q

What is FISH and how is it used

A

Fluorescent in situ hybridization Is used for gene mapping

Attach a light to a chromosome and see where they are on the two copies

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35
Q

What is a HSR

A

Homogeneously staining region

Duplication of genes

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36
Q

What is the charge of DNA

A

Negative

37
Q

What does acetelation do

A

Removes the + charge to loosen his tones so proteins can get to DNA

38
Q

What does methylation do

A

Turns off expression of a gene

39
Q

What is displastic tissue

A

Abnormal and unorganized tissue

40
Q

What are the types of cancer

A

Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Leukemia’s and lymphomas
Neuroectodermal

41
Q

Which type of cancer is the most common

A

Carcinomas

42
Q

What are the different types of carcinomas

A

Squamous cell

Adenocarcinomas

43
Q

Describe and give examples of squamous cell carcinomas

A

Originate in cells that seal cavities or channels

Skin, lung, esophagus

44
Q

Describe and give examples of adenocarcinomas

A

Arise from secretive cells of a duct

Lung, colon, breast

45
Q

Define and give an example of a sarcoma

A

Arise from connective tissue

Leiomyosarcoma

46
Q

How common are sarcomas

A

1%

47
Q

What are the similarities and differences between leukemia and lymphoma

A

Both arise from hematopoietic tissue

Leukemia circulates as individual cells

Lymphoma is aggregates of cells that form solid tumors

48
Q

Describe as give examples of neuroectodermal cancers

A

Located in never tissue

Gliomas, glioblastomas

49
Q

How common are neuroectodermal cancers

A

1.3%

50
Q

Define hyperplastia

A

Excess number of cells

51
Q

Define metaplastic

A

Normal cell later is displaced by another cell layer

52
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Cells look abnormal

53
Q

Define polyps

A

Usually made of dysplasric cells but haven’t broken through the basement membrane

54
Q

What is the tumor progression

A 
Normal tissue
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Metastasis
55
Q

Monoconal vs polyclonal tumors

A

Mono arise from one cell and is always the case

Poly arise from multiple cells

56
Q

What is evidence that tumors are monocolonal

A

Women inactivate the same Xchromosome every time

57
Q

What is the Warburg effect

A

Cancer cells rely on glycolysis

58
Q

what does it take to be a cancer cell

A 
growth signal autonomy
evasion of growth inhibitory signals
invasion and metastasis
unlimited replicative potential
angiogenesis
evasion of apoptosis
59
Q

what is the Ames test

A

mix compound with something and see if it grows

if does then is cancer

60
Q

what is the relationship between mutagens and carcinogens

A

all mutagens are carcinogens, not all carcinogens are mutagens

61
Q

what does it mean if something has increased mutagenicity

A

it takes less to be mutagenic

62
Q

what type of virus is the Rous Sarcoma Virus and what does it do

A

RNA retrovirus

able to transform cells

63
Q

what is the difference between a RNA virus and a DNA virus

A

DNA viruses do not need to be incorporated with the genome, can just do straight into the nucleus

64
Q

What does RSV affect

A

birds

65
Q

what are the properties of transformed cells

A 
altered morphology
loss of contact inhibition
anchorage independence
can divide indefinitely
increased transport of glucose
tumorigenicity
66
Q

why are cancers not all caused be viruses

A

most cancers are not transmissible
we do not see clusters of cancer
can’t isolate viruses from most tumors
chemical and xray exposure is linked to cancer

67
Q

what is transfection

A

look at chunks of DNA in cells and see which ones lead to tumors

68
Q

what is transfection used for

A

to detect nonviral oncogenes

69
Q

what do RNA blots show

A

show how many copoies of RNA are being produced

70
Q

What do DNA blots show

A

show gene expression

71
Q

what are ways to go from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene

A

increase gene copy number
increase expression
alter encoded protein

72
Q

what id myc and what can deregulation of it cause

A

its a transcription factor

overexpression can cause excessive growth and gene amplification

73
Q

what can lead to overexpression of myc and what is a cancer example of this

A

translocation

burkitt’s lymphoma

74
Q

what are ways that receptors and ligand can lead to cancer

A

signaling in absence of ligand
truncated receptors
2 proteins coming together to signal different things

75
Q

define autocrine signaling

A

self-signaling

76
Q

define paracrine signaling

A

signaling nearby cells

77
Q

define endocrine signaling

A

signaling to cells far away

78
Q

what are cytokine receptors

A

don’t have a kinase domain but can form associations with other kinase proteins to lead to transphophorylation

79
Q

explain TGF-Beta receptors

A

binding ligand activates kinase

phosphorylates type 2 then type 1 when it comes

80
Q

explain notch receptors

A

cleaves part of the receptor to move tot he nucleus

81
Q

what cancers are notch receptors assocaiated with

A

adult lukemias

82
Q

explain patched-smoothened signaling systems

A

patched allows smoothened to cleave Gli and inhibit transcription
hedgehog bound to patched leads to intact gli and activates transcription

83
Q

what cancers are patched-smoothed pathways associated with

A

skin cancers

84
Q

explain frizzled receptors

A

Wnt not bound to frizzled leads to B-cat. degredation

Wnt bound leads to B-cat. accumulation which promotes proliferation

85
Q

what are integrins

A

cell surface receptors bound to the ECM

86
Q

what happens if integrins are unbound from the ECM

A

apoptosis

87
Q

What is Ras

A

oncoprotein

88
Q

what activates and inactivates Ras

A

GDP inactivates

GTP activates

Bio of Cancer (4 decks)

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