Exam 1 Flashcards
How many types of cancer are there
200
What areas become cancerous easily
Areas where cells are most frequently replaced
What are the most common cancers
Skin Prostate Breast Lung Colorectal
What specific areas are less prone to cancer
Muscle
Nine
Nerves
How many cells need to be transformed to start a tumor
1
What is a transformed cell and is it cancer or not cancer
Cell that grows and divides independently
Cancer
Define neoplasia. Is it cancer or not?
A node also growth of tissue
May be cancer
Define tumors and list the two kinds
Mass of tissue
Benign
Malignant
What is oncology
Study of cancer
Define metastasis
Spreading to distant sites
Define carcinoma in situ
Cancer cells remain where they began
What are carcinogens and give examples
Things that cause cancer Chemical Radiation Inheritance Viruses
List examples of chemical carcinogens
Chemicals in diet, environment, occupation
Benzo(a)pyrene in cigarette smoke
Give examples of radiation carcinogens
X-rays
Gamma rays
UV
List examples of inheritance carcinogens
Braka gene leads to breast cancer
List examples of viral carcinogens
HPV leads to cervical cancer
Cancer accounts for what percentage of deaths
22%
Cancer is the ____ over cause of death
2
About how many ppl develop cancer at some point
42%
What cancers are most common in men
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal
What cancers are most common in women
Breast lung colorectal
Which cancers cause the most deaths per year in men
Lung
Prostate
Colorectal
What cause the most deaths per year in women
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
What are ways to prevent cancers
Diet
Radiation exposure
chemical exposure
What are ways to protect against cancer
Diet- antioxidants, low fat, high fiber
Sunscreen
What are some ways to diagnose cancer
Mammogram
MRI
Liquid biopsy
What is a liquid biopsy and what are the pros and cons
Look for cancer cells in blood
Pros- less invasive and earlier detection
Cons- error rate
What are ways to treat cancer
Chemo
Radiation
Immunotherapy
What is the overall survival rate of cancer
75%
Define genes
Discrete info packets that determine traits
What are wild type vs mutant alleles
WT Is the most common
Mutant is the least common
How much of out DNA is junk
97%
What are polymorphisms and what can the be used for an track lineages of organisms
Subtle differences in sequences
What is FISH and how is it used
Fluorescent in situ hybridization Is used for gene mapping
Attach a light to a chromosome and see where they are on the two copies
What is a HSR
Homogeneously staining region
Duplication of genes
What is the charge of DNA
Negative
What does acetelation do
Removes the + charge to loosen his tones so proteins can get to DNA
What does methylation do
Turns off expression of a gene
What is displastic tissue
Abnormal and unorganized tissue
What are the types of cancer
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Leukemia’s and lymphomas
Neuroectodermal
Which type of cancer is the most common
Carcinomas
What are the different types of carcinomas
Squamous cell
Adenocarcinomas
Describe and give examples of squamous cell carcinomas
Originate in cells that seal cavities or channels
Skin, lung, esophagus
Describe and give examples of adenocarcinomas
Arise from secretive cells of a duct
Lung, colon, breast
Define and give an example of a sarcoma
Arise from connective tissue
Leiomyosarcoma
How common are sarcomas
1%
What are the similarities and differences between leukemia and lymphoma
Both arise from hematopoietic tissue
Leukemia circulates as individual cells
Lymphoma is aggregates of cells that form solid tumors
Describe as give examples of neuroectodermal cancers
Located in never tissue
Gliomas, glioblastomas
How common are neuroectodermal cancers
1.3%
Define hyperplastia
Excess number of cells
Define metaplastic
Normal cell later is displaced by another cell layer
Define dysplasia
Cells look abnormal
Define polyps
Usually made of dysplasric cells but haven’t broken through the basement membrane
What is the tumor progression
Normal tissue Hyperplasia Dysplasia Neoplasia Metastasis
Monoconal vs polyclonal tumors
Mono arise from one cell and is always the case
Poly arise from multiple cells
What is evidence that tumors are monocolonal
Women inactivate the same Xchromosome every time
What is the Warburg effect
Cancer cells rely on glycolysis
what does it take to be a cancer cell
growth signal autonomy evasion of growth inhibitory signals invasion and metastasis unlimited replicative potential angiogenesis evasion of apoptosis
what is the Ames test
mix compound with something and see if it grows
if does then is cancer
what is the relationship between mutagens and carcinogens
all mutagens are carcinogens, not all carcinogens are mutagens
what does it mean if something has increased mutagenicity
it takes less to be mutagenic
what type of virus is the Rous Sarcoma Virus and what does it do
RNA retrovirus
able to transform cells
what is the difference between a RNA virus and a DNA virus
DNA viruses do not need to be incorporated with the genome, can just do straight into the nucleus
What does RSV affect
birds
what are the properties of transformed cells
altered morphology loss of contact inhibition anchorage independence can divide indefinitely increased transport of glucose tumorigenicity
why are cancers not all caused be viruses
most cancers are not transmissible
we do not see clusters of cancer
can’t isolate viruses from most tumors
chemical and xray exposure is linked to cancer
what is transfection
look at chunks of DNA in cells and see which ones lead to tumors
what is transfection used for
to detect nonviral oncogenes
what do RNA blots show
show how many copoies of RNA are being produced
What do DNA blots show
show gene expression
what are ways to go from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene
increase gene copy number
increase expression
alter encoded protein
what id myc and what can deregulation of it cause
its a transcription factor
overexpression can cause excessive growth and gene amplification
what can lead to overexpression of myc and what is a cancer example of this
translocation
burkitt’s lymphoma
what are ways that receptors and ligand can lead to cancer
signaling in absence of ligand
truncated receptors
2 proteins coming together to signal different things
define autocrine signaling
self-signaling
define paracrine signaling
signaling nearby cells
define endocrine signaling
signaling to cells far away
what are cytokine receptors
don’t have a kinase domain but can form associations with other kinase proteins to lead to transphophorylation
explain TGF-Beta receptors
binding ligand activates kinase
phosphorylates type 2 then type 1 when it comes
explain notch receptors
cleaves part of the receptor to move tot he nucleus
what cancers are notch receptors assocaiated with
adult lukemias
explain patched-smoothened signaling systems
patched allows smoothened to cleave Gli and inhibit transcription
hedgehog bound to patched leads to intact gli and activates transcription
what cancers are patched-smoothed pathways associated with
skin cancers
explain frizzled receptors
Wnt not bound to frizzled leads to B-cat. degredation
Wnt bound leads to B-cat. accumulation which promotes proliferation
what are integrins
cell surface receptors bound to the ECM
what happens if integrins are unbound from the ECM
apoptosis
What is Ras
oncoprotein
what activates and inactivates Ras
GDP inactivates
GTP activates
