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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who is the father of Evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

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2
Q

What did Darwin observe on the Galapagos Islands?

A
  • different breeds of finches
  • all islands, though close together, had different climates and characteristics
  • characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands
  • land tortoises
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3
Q

What did Darwin note about the adaptions of the tortoises on the island?

A

The shape of the shell corresponded to a different habitat.

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4
Q

Darwin

A

Proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

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5
Q

Wallace

A

Also developed a Theory of Evolution based on studies of animal and plant distribution.

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6
Q

Malthus

A

The human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it. As a result people die of famine, war, and disease.

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7
Q

Hutton

A

Earth is really old.

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8
Q

Lamarck

A

Believed organisms had the inborn urge to better themselves.

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9
Q

Lyell

A

Wrote the book The Principles of Geology. Explained that processes occurring now have occurred throughout time.

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10
Q

Darwin began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after observing many _____ and their ______ locations.

A
  1. species

2. geographical

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11
Q

Who proposed how rock layers form and change over time?

A

Hutton

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12
Q

Who proposed that organisms inherit all the adaptions they display?

A

Lamarck

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13
Q

Describe the parts of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.

A
  • All organisms have a tendency towards perfection
  • Acquired characteristics could be inherited
  • Organisms could alter the size and shape of their bodies
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14
Q

The idea that famine, disease, and war could prevent the endless growth of human populations was presented by?

A

Malthus

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15
Q

Did Darwin publish his ideas right away?

A

No

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16
Q

Acquired Characteristics

A

Selective use or disuse of an organ that led to a change was then passed on to offspring

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17
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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18
Q

Survival of the Fittest

A

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

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19
Q

Descent with Modification

A

A change in gene frequency over time, causing evolution

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20
Q

Use and Disuse

A

Organisms could alter the size and shape of organs by using their bodies in new ways

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21
Q

Analogous Structure

A

Body part in different species that is similar in function but not in structure, that evolved in response to a similar environmental change

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22
Q

Homologous Structure

A

Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop form the same embryonic tissue

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23
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

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24
Q

Gradualism

A

Gradual changes rather than sudden changes

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25
Q

What are the parts of the circulatory system?

A

The heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood.

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26
Q

What is the largest pathway of the circulatory system?

A

Systemic circulation

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27
Q

Where are the cells of the sinoatrial node located?

A

The right atrium

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28
Q

How are arteries different from veins?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart.

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29
Q

What are the functions of veins?

A

Carry blood to the heart

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30
Q

What organ helps regulate blood pressure?

A

Kidneys

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31
Q

What can you do to prevent cardiovascular disease?

A

Regular exercise, well-balanced diet, and avoid smoking.

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32
Q

Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened in the ______.

A

Nasal cavity

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33
Q

Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of the ______.

A

Diaphram

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34
Q

What are three ways the body loses water?

A
  • Urination
  • Sweating
  • Breathing
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35
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Produces digestive juices and secretes insulin.

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36
Q

Where does chemical digestion begin?

A

Mouth

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37
Q

Through which structure do wastes pass into the rectum?

A

Large intestine

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38
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorbs water from the small intestine.

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39
Q

How does the excretory system help maintain homeostasis?

A

Through the kidneys, which maintains water balance.

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40
Q

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a ______.

A

Nucleus

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41
Q

What are four ways humans benefit from bacteria?

A
  • Remove waste
  • Production of food and beverage
  • Help synthesize drugs
  • Mine minerals
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42
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds

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43
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions

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44
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan

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45
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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46
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease-causing agent

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47
Q

Host

A

Organism infected by pathogen

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48
Q

AIDS/HIV

A

An immunodeficiency disease

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49
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens

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50
Q

Antibiotics

A

Compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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51
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

52
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells

53
Q

Antibody

A

Protein that helps destroy pathogens

54
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that triggers and immune response

55
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Short-term immunity caused when anitbodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body

56
Q

Active Immunity

A

Immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response

57
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids

58
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic respiratory disease in which the air passageways become narrower than normal

59
Q

Mast Cells

A

Cells that release histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions

60
Q

Histamines

A

Chemical released by activated mast cells that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area

61
Q

Killer T Cells

A

Bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them

62
Q

Helper T Cells

A

Activates killer T cells and B cells

63
Q

Macrophages

A

Large WBCs that ingest foreign invaders in the body

64
Q

Lympohcytes

A

Type of WBC that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens

65
Q

Conjugation

A

Form of sexual reproduction in which genetic information is exchanged between a hollow bridge

66
Q

Binary Fission

A

Form of asexual reproduction in which DNA is replicated into two identical daughter cells

67
Q

What are the parts of a virus? Of a retrovirus?

A

Virus: nucleic acid, protein, lipids
Retrovirus: RNA

68
Q

How does HIV spread?

A
  • Sexual intercourse
  • Contaminated needles
  • Contact with blood
  • From infected mother to child
69
Q

What does pepsin break down?

A

Proteins

70
Q

What does salivary amylase break down?

A

Starch

71
Q

What does pancreatic amylase break down?

A

Starch

72
Q

What does bile break down?

A

Fats

73
Q

What does trypsin break down?

A

Dietary protein

74
Q

What does nuclease break down?

A

Nucleic acid

75
Q

Independent Variable (Variable)

A

Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes

76
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change because of the independent variable

77
Q

Hypothesis

A

Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to scientific questions

78
Q

Theory

A

Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

79
Q

Control group

A

Factor in an experiment that the scientist purposely keeps the same

80
Q

Constant

A

A variable in an experiment that does not change

81
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group of subjects that are exposed to the variable under study

82
Q

List the organs food passes through as it travels through the digestive system starting with the mouth.

A

Mouth–>Pharynx–>Esophagus–>Cardiac Sphincter–> Stomach–>Pyloric Sphincter–>Small Intestine–>Large Intestine–>Rectum–>Anus

83
Q

List the organs air passes through as it travels through the respiratory system starting with the mouth.

A

Mouth–>Pharynx–>Larynx–>Trachea–>Lungs–> Bronchi–> Bronchioles–>Alveoli

84
Q

List the parts of the heart blood travels through starting with the superior and inferior vena cava.

A
  • Vena Cava–>Right Atrium–>Tricuspid Valve–>Right Ventricle–>Semi Lunar Valve–>Pulmonary Arteries
  • Pulmonary Veins–>Left Atrium–>Bicuspid Valve–>Left Ventricle–>Semi Lunar Valve–>Aorta
85
Q

Liver

A

Secretes bile; processes digested food

86
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces digestive juices; secretes insulin

87
Q

Kidney

A

Filters blood and forms urine

88
Q

Small Intestine

A

Secretes digestive enzymes

89
Q

Large Intestine

A

Reabsorbs water from the small intestine

90
Q

Appendix

A

Function unknown; not a vital organ

91
Q

Diaphram

A

Muscular sheet of tissue that is part of the breathing mechanism

92
Q

Lung

A

Removes carbon dioxide

93
Q

Arteries

A

Carries blood away from the heart

94
Q

Veins

A

Carries blood to the heart

95
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallesy blood vessels. Brings nutrients and oxygen to tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products

96
Q

Aorta

A

Carries blood from the left ventricle to the arteries serving all parts of the body

97
Q

Vena Cava

A

Carries blood from the body to the heart

98
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores bile

99
Q

Messentaries

A

Double sheets of membrane holding together the small intestine

100
Q

Ovary

A

Produce eggs

101
Q

Testis

A

Produce sperm

102
Q

To what Kingdom, Phylum, and Class do spiders belong?

A

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida

103
Q

List the path of blood through the heart starting the heart starting with the vena cavas.

A
  • Vena Cava–>Right Atrium–>Tricuspid Valve–>Right Ventricle–>Semi Lunar Valve–>Pulmonary Arteries
  • Pulmonary Veins–>Left Atrium–>Bicuspid Valve–>Left Ventricle–>Semi Lunar Valve–>Aorta
104
Q

What are the parts of an experiment?

A
  1. Question/Problem
  2. Developing Hypothesis
  3. Designing an Experiment
  4. Controlling Variables
  5. Interpreting Data
  6. Drawing a Conclusion
105
Q

List 10 ways you can maintain a healthy heart.

A
  1. Balanced diet
  2. Regular exercise
  3. Rest
  4. Abstain from harmful activities
  5. Avoid smoking
  6. Regular checkups
  7. Low-fat diet
  8. Manage weight
  9. Reduce sodium
  10. Avoid stress
106
Q

List 10 facts about diabetes

A
  1. Too much sugar in blood or high blood glucose
  2. About 347 million people have diabetes
  3. 2 major forms of diabetes
  4. Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes
  5. Type 2 is the most common type
  6. People with diabetes are twice as likely to develop heart disease
  7. Costs $174 billion annually
  8. Leading cause of blindness, leg-amputation, and kidney failure
  9. Type 2 can be prevented
  10. Tons of people go undiagnosed
107
Q

DNA replication results in two new molecules. What is the relationship between the parent DNA and daughter DNA?

A

The two DNA molecules are identical to each other and to the original molecule.

108
Q

How are DNA and RNA different?

A
  • The sugar in RNA is ribose and the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
  • RNA is generally single-stranded
  • RNA contains uracil in place of thymine
109
Q

Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis?

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
110
Q

Define Transcription.

A

Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA

111
Q

Define Translation.

A

Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

112
Q

If DNA is: CCG TTA ACG
mRNA: ___ ___ ___
tRNA: ___ ___ ___

A

mRNA: GGC AAU UGC
tRNA: CCG UUA ACG

113
Q

DNA is copied in a process called ______.

A

Replicatioon

114
Q

In eukaryotes DNA is found in the ______.

A

Nucleus

115
Q

Which RNA molecule carries amino acids?

A

tRNA

116
Q

Genes contain instructions for assembling ______.

A

Proteins

117
Q

Hox genes determine an animal’s ______.

A

Segment Structure

118
Q

What passage carries food between the pharynx and stomach?

A

Esophagus

119
Q

What enzyme found in saliva breaks chemical bonds in sugars and starches?

A

Amylase

120
Q

The stomach breaks down food into a soft, partially digested mixture called?

A

Chyme

121
Q

List three ways infectious diseases are spread.

A
  • Physical contact
  • Contaminated food and water
  • Infected animals
122
Q

What are the seven taxonomic groups?

A

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom

123
Q

Linus Pauling

A

Chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator

124
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Developed Germ Theory of Disease; chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

125
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Discovered penicillin; wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy

126
Q

Control

A

Variable in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same

Biology (6 decks)

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