Exam Flashcards
Who is the father of Evolution?
Charles Darwin
What did Darwin observe on the Galapagos Islands?
- different breeds of finches
- all islands, though close together, had different climates and characteristics
- characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands
- land tortoises
What did Darwin note about the adaptions of the tortoises on the island?
The shape of the shell corresponded to a different habitat.
Darwin
Proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Wallace
Also developed a Theory of Evolution based on studies of animal and plant distribution.
Malthus
The human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it. As a result people die of famine, war, and disease.
Hutton
Earth is really old.
Lamarck
Believed organisms had the inborn urge to better themselves.
Lyell
Wrote the book The Principles of Geology. Explained that processes occurring now have occurred throughout time.
Darwin began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after observing many _____ and their ______ locations.
- species
2. geographical
Who proposed how rock layers form and change over time?
Hutton
Who proposed that organisms inherit all the adaptions they display?
Lamarck
Describe the parts of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.
- All organisms have a tendency towards perfection
- Acquired characteristics could be inherited
- Organisms could alter the size and shape of their bodies
The idea that famine, disease, and war could prevent the endless growth of human populations was presented by?
Malthus
Did Darwin publish his ideas right away?
No
Acquired Characteristics
Selective use or disuse of an organ that led to a change was then passed on to offspring
Reproductive Isolation
Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Survival of the Fittest
Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection
Descent with Modification
A change in gene frequency over time, causing evolution
Use and Disuse
Organisms could alter the size and shape of organs by using their bodies in new ways
Analogous Structure
Body part in different species that is similar in function but not in structure, that evolved in response to a similar environmental change
Homologous Structure
Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop form the same embryonic tissue
Punctuated Equilibrium
Pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
Gradualism
Gradual changes rather than sudden changes
What are the parts of the circulatory system?
The heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood.
What is the largest pathway of the circulatory system?
Systemic circulation
Where are the cells of the sinoatrial node located?
The right atrium
How are arteries different from veins?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart.
What are the functions of veins?
Carry blood to the heart
What organ helps regulate blood pressure?
Kidneys
What can you do to prevent cardiovascular disease?
Regular exercise, well-balanced diet, and avoid smoking.
Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened in the ______.
Nasal cavity
Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of the ______.
Diaphram
What are three ways the body loses water?
- Urination
- Sweating
- Breathing
What is the role of the pancreas?
Produces digestive juices and secretes insulin.
Where does chemical digestion begin?
Mouth
Through which structure do wastes pass into the rectum?
Large intestine
What is the function of the large intestine?
Reabsorbs water from the small intestine.
How does the excretory system help maintain homeostasis?
Through the kidneys, which maintains water balance.
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a ______.
Nucleus
What are four ways humans benefit from bacteria?
- Remove waste
- Production of food and beverage
- Help synthesize drugs
- Mine minerals
Photoautotroph
Organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds
Chemoautotroph
Organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions
Archaebacteria
Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria
Pathogen
Disease-causing agent
Host
Organism infected by pathogen
AIDS/HIV
An immunodeficiency disease
Vaccine
A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens
Antibiotics
Compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Inflammatory Response
Nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
Autoimmune Disease
When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells
Antibody
Protein that helps destroy pathogens
Antigen
Substance that triggers and immune response
Passive Immunity
Short-term immunity caused when anitbodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body
Active Immunity
Immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response
Humoral Immunity
Immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids
Asthma
Chronic respiratory disease in which the air passageways become narrower than normal
Mast Cells
Cells that release histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions
Histamines
Chemical released by activated mast cells that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area
Killer T Cells
Bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them
Helper T Cells
Activates killer T cells and B cells
Macrophages
Large WBCs that ingest foreign invaders in the body
Lympohcytes
Type of WBC that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens
Conjugation
Form of sexual reproduction in which genetic information is exchanged between a hollow bridge
Binary Fission
Form of asexual reproduction in which DNA is replicated into two identical daughter cells
What are the parts of a virus? Of a retrovirus?
Virus: nucleic acid, protein, lipids
Retrovirus: RNA
How does HIV spread?
- Sexual intercourse
- Contaminated needles
- Contact with blood
- From infected mother to child
What does pepsin break down?
Proteins
What does salivary amylase break down?
Starch
What does pancreatic amylase break down?
Starch
What does bile break down?
Fats
What does trypsin break down?
Dietary protein
What does nuclease break down?
Nucleic acid
Independent Variable (Variable)
Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes
Dependent Variable
Factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change because of the independent variable
Hypothesis
Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to scientific questions
Theory
Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
Control group
Factor in an experiment that the scientist purposely keeps the same
Constant
A variable in an experiment that does not change
Experimental Group
Group of subjects that are exposed to the variable under study
List the organs food passes through as it travels through the digestive system starting with the mouth.
Mouth–>Pharynx–>Esophagus–>Cardiac Sphincter–> Stomach–>Pyloric Sphincter–>Small Intestine–>Large Intestine–>Rectum–>Anus
List the organs air passes through as it travels through the respiratory system starting with the mouth.
Mouth–>Pharynx–>Larynx–>Trachea–>Lungs–> Bronchi–> Bronchioles–>Alveoli
List the parts of the heart blood travels through starting with the superior and inferior vena cava.
- Vena Cava–>Right Atrium–>Tricuspid Valve–>Right Ventricle–>Semi Lunar Valve–>Pulmonary Arteries
- Pulmonary Veins–>Left Atrium–>Bicuspid Valve–>Left Ventricle–>Semi Lunar Valve–>Aorta
Liver
Secretes bile; processes digested food
Pancreas
Produces digestive juices; secretes insulin
Kidney
Filters blood and forms urine
Small Intestine
Secretes digestive enzymes
Large Intestine
Reabsorbs water from the small intestine
Appendix
Function unknown; not a vital organ
Diaphram
Muscular sheet of tissue that is part of the breathing mechanism
Lung
Removes carbon dioxide
Arteries
Carries blood away from the heart
Veins
Carries blood to the heart
Capillaries
Smallesy blood vessels. Brings nutrients and oxygen to tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
Aorta
Carries blood from the left ventricle to the arteries serving all parts of the body
Vena Cava
Carries blood from the body to the heart
Gall Bladder
Stores bile
Messentaries
Double sheets of membrane holding together the small intestine
Ovary
Produce eggs
Testis
Produce sperm
To what Kingdom, Phylum, and Class do spiders belong?
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
List the path of blood through the heart starting the heart starting with the vena cavas.
- Vena Cava–>Right Atrium–>Tricuspid Valve–>Right Ventricle–>Semi Lunar Valve–>Pulmonary Arteries
- Pulmonary Veins–>Left Atrium–>Bicuspid Valve–>Left Ventricle–>Semi Lunar Valve–>Aorta
What are the parts of an experiment?
- Question/Problem
- Developing Hypothesis
- Designing an Experiment
- Controlling Variables
- Interpreting Data
- Drawing a Conclusion
List 10 ways you can maintain a healthy heart.
- Balanced diet
- Regular exercise
- Rest
- Abstain from harmful activities
- Avoid smoking
- Regular checkups
- Low-fat diet
- Manage weight
- Reduce sodium
- Avoid stress
List 10 facts about diabetes
- Too much sugar in blood or high blood glucose
- About 347 million people have diabetes
- 2 major forms of diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes
- Type 2 is the most common type
- People with diabetes are twice as likely to develop heart disease
- Costs $174 billion annually
- Leading cause of blindness, leg-amputation, and kidney failure
- Type 2 can be prevented
- Tons of people go undiagnosed
DNA replication results in two new molecules. What is the relationship between the parent DNA and daughter DNA?
The two DNA molecules are identical to each other and to the original molecule.
How are DNA and RNA different?
- The sugar in RNA is ribose and the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
- RNA is generally single-stranded
- RNA contains uracil in place of thymine
Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis?
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
Define Transcription.
Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA
Define Translation.
Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
If DNA is: CCG TTA ACG
mRNA: ___ ___ ___
tRNA: ___ ___ ___
mRNA: GGC AAU UGC
tRNA: CCG UUA ACG
DNA is copied in a process called ______.
Replicatioon
In eukaryotes DNA is found in the ______.
Nucleus
Which RNA molecule carries amino acids?
tRNA
Genes contain instructions for assembling ______.
Proteins
Hox genes determine an animal’s ______.
Segment Structure
What passage carries food between the pharynx and stomach?
Esophagus
What enzyme found in saliva breaks chemical bonds in sugars and starches?
Amylase
The stomach breaks down food into a soft, partially digested mixture called?
Chyme
List three ways infectious diseases are spread.
- Physical contact
- Contaminated food and water
- Infected animals
What are the seven taxonomic groups?
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
Linus Pauling
Chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator
Louis Pasteur
Developed Germ Theory of Disease; chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization
Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin; wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy
Control
Variable in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same
