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Anatomy 2 > exam 3 (unit 3) > Flashcards

exam 3 (unit 3) Flashcards

1
Q

why do we breathe?

A

our cells need ATP, which requires oxygen

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2
Q

what are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance

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3
Q

what are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system?

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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4
Q

passages for airflow, no gas exchange, includes the nose through the terminal bronchioles

A

conducting zone

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5
Q

the parts of the respiratory sys. that are involved in gas exchange, includes respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

A

respiratory zone

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6
Q

what are the two locational divisions?

A

upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts

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7
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A

organs in the head and neck, nose through the larynx

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8
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

organs in the thorax, trachea through the lungs

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9
Q

functions of the nose?

A

warms and humidifies incoming air, olfaction

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10
Q

what is the nasal mucosa made up of?

A

epithelial tissue, goblet cells, cilia

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11
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

produce mucus

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12
Q

the “throat”

A

pharynx

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13
Q

the pharynx serves as a passage for ________

A

air, food, liquid

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14
Q

region of the pharynx that is a passage for only air and contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

nasopharynx

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15
Q

region of the pharynx that is a passage for food, liquid, air and contains stratified squamous epithelium

A

oropharynx

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16
Q

region of the pharynx that is a passage for food, liquid and air, is superior to the esophagus, and is the most inferior region

A

laryngopharynx

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17
Q

the “voice box”

A

larynx

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18
Q

primary function of larynx?

A

keeps food/drink out of airway

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19
Q

the “windpipe”

A

trachea

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20
Q

what is the function of the mucociliary escalator in the trachea?

A

escalates mucus out, away from the lungs and helps remove debris/inhaled particles

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21
Q

what is the inner lining of the mucociliary escalator made of?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells and cilia

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22
Q

what is the tracheal bifurcation?

A

fork in trachea that form the main bronchi

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23
Q

inferior portion of the lungs?

A

base

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24
Q

superior portion of the lungs?

A

apex

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25
how many lobes does each lung have ?
left: 2 right: 3
26
3 branches of bronchi
main (primary bronchi) lobar (secondary) bronchi segmental (tertiary) bronchi
27
which branch of bronchi do bronchioles arise from?
segmental bronchi
28
bronchi are supported by which type of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
29
bronchi are lined with what epithelium?
ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium
30
what are bronchioles lined with?
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
31
final portion of the conducting zone?
terminal bronchioles
32
beginning of respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles
33
alveoli bud from which bronchioles?
respiratory bronchioles
34
the site of gas exchange with capillaries?
alveoli
35
95% of alveoli are lined with __________?
simple squamous epithelium
36
5% of alveoli are lined with ____________?
cuboidal alveolar cells
37
what are type 1 cells?
simple squamous epithelial cells
38
what are type 2 cells?
cuboidal alveolar cells, "great alveolar cells"
39
what are alveolar macrophages?
mobile cells that travel through the alveoli and phagocytize inhaled products
40
what is the most numerous cell type in lung?
alveolar macrophages
41
what is the respiratory membrane?
barrier between blood and air in alveoli
42
what are the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane?
squamous alveolar cells shared basement membrane endothileal cells in capillaries
43
what is pulmonary ventilation?
breathing; repetitive cycle of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)
44
flow of air into and out of the lungs depends on _________?
pressure gradients
45
what are the main brain centers that control muscles of respiration?
pons & medulla
46
______ pressure drives respiration?
atmospheric pressure drives respiration
47
higher elevations = _______ pressure
higher elevations = lower pressure
48
during inspiration (pressure) :
lung pressure < atmo. pressure
49
during exhalation:
lung pressure > atmo. pressure
50
which of these organs stores and concentrates bile?
gallbladder
51
which of these structures contain the enzymes involved in chemical digestion?
microvilli
52
the main function of the stomach is ...
food storage
53
which form of digestion includes the churning of the stomach and intestines?
mechanical
54
the epithelium of the mucosa of the alimentary canal is composed of _____ only in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and distal anal canal
stratified squamous epithelium
55
which layer of the wall of the alimentary canal includes a sub-layer called the lamina propria?
mucosa
56
the production of which these substances is the inly indispensible function of the stomach?
intrinsic factor
57
the ______ reflex is triggered by stretching of the rectum. This involves only the stretching of the myenteric nerve plexus, leasing to rectum contraction
intrinsic defecation
58
which of the five stages of digestion involves the elimination of feces from the body?
defecation
59
some antacid drugs cause a reduction in the production and secretion of stomach acid. which cells would be most strongly affected by these drugs?
parietal cells
60
which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption?
the stomach
61
lung diseases such as tuberculosis that create scar tissue in the lungs inhibit ventilation of the lungs by:
decreasing pulmonary compliance
62
the lining of most of the conducting zone by a psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is most closely associated with which primary function of the respiratory sys?
protection
63
what does boyle's law state?
at constant temp., pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
64
during contraction, the diaphragm...
flattens, lungs expand, air enters lungs
65
during relaxation, the diaphragm...
bows upward, expelling air
66
what is the main resistance effector?
bronchiole diameter
67
what is pulmonary compliance?
the ease at which the lungs can expand
68
which lungs diseases decrease pulmonary compliance?
lung diseases that cause scar tissue
69
what does dalton's law state?
total atmospheric pressure equals the sum of the contributions of the individual gases (partial pressures)
70
in alveolar gas exchange, gases move via ______?
diffusion
71
in alveolar gas exchange, O2 diffuses into _______?
blood
72
in alveolar gas exchange, CO2 diffuses into _______?
alveoli
73
what is loading?
movement of gas into blood
74
what is unloading?
movement of gas out of blood
75
a steeper pressure gradient =
faster O2 diffusion
76
what is hemoglobin?
protein specialized for oxygen transport
77
what is oxyhemoglobin?
hemoglobin with at least one O2
78
what is deoxyghemoglobin?
hemoglobin with no O2

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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