Exam 3 Topics

Question 1

What are the basic requirements to use the string data type?

Answer 1

Declare header file “#include “.

Declare variable of string type “string strvar;”.

Assign the variable “strvar = strexpression;”

Question 2

How are string data types compared with each other?

Answer 2

The ASCII value of the character values is used to compare strings with each other. The values are taken character by character until a decision can be made.
All lowercase letters > uppercase letters.

Question 3

What is the value-returning library function that finds number of characters in a string?

Answer 3

strvar. length()
strvar. size()

return a numeric data type

Question 4

What is the concatenation operator for the string data type? What is it used for?

Answer 4

”+” operator is used to join strings together

Question 5

What does “getline” do? What is it’s syntax?

Answer 5

getline is a library function that reads all characters (including blanks) from the current location of the reading marker until the linefeed character is encountered.

getline(inputstream,strvar);

Question 6

How can individual characters of a string be accessed? What is the index?

Answer 6

each character in a string can be accessed individually by its position in the string.

strvar[0] is the value of the 1st position of the string.

Question 7

How can characters be converted to upper and lowercase? What is a two line statement that will capitalize all letters in a string?
(given that n=string length and strvar is the string)

Answer 7

include cctype header file.
declare:

tolower(ch)
toupper(ch)

for (int i=0; i

Question 8

What does “isalpha(ch)” do and which library is the function from?

Answer 8

isalpha(ch) will return true if ch is a letter, false if else. It is from cctype library

Question 9

What does “isdigit(ch)” do and which library is the function from?

Answer 9

isdigit(ch) will return true if ch is a digit, false if else. It is from cctype library

Question 10

What does “isupper(ch)” do and which library is the function from?

Answer 10

isupper(ch) will return true if ch is an uppercase letter, false if else. It is from cctype library

Question 11

What does “islower(ch)” do and which library is the function from?

Answer 11

islower(ch) will return true if ch is a lowercase letter, false if else. It is from cctype library

Question 12

Define simple data type.

Answer 12

each variable can only store one value at a time and is the building block for structured types

Question 13

Define structured data type

Answer 13

each data item is a collection of other data items

Question 14

Define what a one-dimensional array is.

Answer 14

a one-dimensional array is a collection of fixed number of components, all with the same data type. The collection is arranged in list like form.

Question 15

What is the syntax for declaring an array?

Answer 15

datatype arrayname[intexp];

where intexp is any expression that evaluates to a positive integer

Question 16

What position is the first element of the array?

Answer 16

the first element of the array is always at position 0

Question 17

What is the syntax to initialize multiple values stored in a array?

Answer 17

int data[5] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

;

Question 18

How are most one-dimensional arrays processed?

Answer 18

most processing of arrays are done one element at a time using a loop (usually a for loop)

Question 19

Describe a method that can decide whether to put a unknown number of values from input into a array, given that the max possible number of inputs is known.

Answer 19

This can be accomplished by reading the input into a temporary variable and then evaluating if the variable should go into the array or not. To read an entire data file, a while (cin) statement can be used and continue to input cin to the temp variable.

Question 20

Describe a method that can print an array to output.

Answer 20

use a for loop.

for (int j=0; j

Question 21

What is a C++ file stream and what is a file in this context?

Answer 21

C++ file streams are a method to implement file input and output, where a file is a named area of secondary storage used to hold information

Question 22

What is required to use C++ file streams?

Answer 22

include the fstream header file.

declare variables with data type “ifstream” and “ofstream”

open I/O for reading and writing and close when operations are complete
_.open(filename.c_str());
_.close(filename.c_str());

Question 23

Handwrite the bubblesort function {ascending/descending note)

Answer 23

void bubblesort(int list[ ],int count)
{
 int temp;
 for (int i=0; i < count-1; i++)
 for (int j=0; j < count-(i+1); j++)
 if (list[j]  list[j+1])
 {
 temp = list[j];
 list[j] = list[j+1];
 list[j+1] = temp;
 }
}

Question 24

Define “searching”

Answer 24

given a series of values and a target value, find out if the target is present and where it is located.

Question 25

What is a unordered sequential search?

Answer 25

if values stored in an array and not sorted, then start at beginning of the array and compare the target to each value until a match is found (success) or there are no more values in the array (Failure)

Question 26

Handwrite a search function

Answer 26

int search(int list[],int n,int target)

{
for (int i=0; i

Question 27

Define a “record” (struct in C++)

Answer 27

A structured data type with a fixed number of components that are accessed by name. The components may be of different (heterogeneous) types. The components of a record are called fields. Declaring a record is creating a new data type.

Question 28

what is the 2 step process for declaring a record (Struct)

Answer 28

1. declare (define) the new data type

2. declare variable(s)

Question 29

handwrite the syntax for declaring a new data type

Answer 29

struct TypeName
{
datatype fieldname; 
datatype fieldname; 
. . .;
};

Question 30

Where are custom data types declared generally?

Answer 30

declaration is generally made at the global level (after named constants, before prototypes)
so that the data type is recognized throughout the program.

Question 31

Explain how the fields in a record is accessed.

Answer 31

First declare the record. The record will then contain declared data variables all packaged together. Then in main function declare a variable that has the custom data type. Now the data variables in the record can be assigned object values (use “structName.varName = literal”)

Question 32

List three operations that must be done on a field by field basis.

Answer 32

Input/Output, Arithmetic, Comparison.

Question 33

List the aggregate operations that are allowed for Structs.

Answer 33

Assignment, parameter passage, return as a function’s return value.

Question 34

List the aggregate operations that are allowed for arrays.

Answer 34

Parameter passage.

Question 35

List the aggregate operations that are allowed for strings.

Answer 35

I/O, Assignment, Comparision, Parameter passage, return as a function’s return value