Exam 3- The Head Flashcards
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
chondrocranium
What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?
the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What is the cranium?
the skull minus the mandbile
What is the calvaria?
the skullcap
What bones form the neurocranium?
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid
What bones form the facial skeleton?
mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and zygomatic
What are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?
suture, gomphosis, schindylesis and syndesmosis
What are the characteristics of sutura vera (true sutures)?
sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification
What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?
sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification
What is the classification of a joint with a “nail-like” condition?
gomphosis
What is the classification of a joint with a “fissure-like” condition?
schyndylesis
What are the examples of the schindylesis type of suture?
sphenoid - ethmoid - vomer articulation, the palatine - maxilla - vomer articulation
What are the examples of the gomphosis joint?
maxilla - root of tooth; mandible - root of tooth
What ligament will be associated with the gomphosis?
periodontal ligament
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with both parietal bones?
the anterior fontanelle
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone with both parietal bones?
the posterior fontanelle
What is the glabella?
the elevation of bone over the frontal sinus between the orbits
What is the name given to the indention of bone between the nasal and frontal bones?
nasion
What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?
piriform aperture
What is the name given to the alveolar of the canine tooth in the maxilla?
canine eminence
What depression of the maxilla occurs lateral to the canine eminence?
the canine fossa
What depression of the maxilla occurs medial to the canine eminence?
the incisive fossa
What forms a bullet-like chin?
a large mental protuberance
What forms an indented chin?
well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance
What is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?
the inion
What bones form the pterion?
parietal, temporal, sphenoid and frontal bones
What bones form the asterion?
parietal, temporal and occipital bones
The styloid process is feature of which bone?
the temporal bone
What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
the nasion, vertex, inion and gnathion
What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
the nasion, vertex and inion
What is the appearance of the suture intersections over the hard palate called?
the cruciate or cruciform suture
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
a line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid processes and sphenoidal jugum
What ostia are observed in the anterior cranial fossa?
cribrifrom plate, anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina and foramen cecum
What passes through the cribriform plate?
fila olfactoria of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve
An emissary vein leave the anterior cranial fossa via what opening?
foramen cecum
What are the boundaries for the middle cranial fossa?
anterior: lesser wings, anterior clinoid processes, sphenoidal jugum of sphenoid bone
posterior: superior border of petrous part of temporal bone, posterior clinoid processes and dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone
What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa?
sella turcica
What forms the roof of the sella turcica?
diaphragma sella
What neural structure occupies the sella turcica?
hypophysis cerebri or pituitary gland
What are the contents of the optic canal?
the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
the ophthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and abducent nerve
Which single opening will allow the exit of teh greatest number of cranial nerves?
the superior orbital fissure
What is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins?
unlike other artery-vein combinations they will not share the same opening the ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve exits the middle cranial fossa via which opening?
the foramen rotundum
What are the contents of the foramen ovale?
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and the lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
the nervous spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery
What opening allows a branch of cranial nerve Vc to enter the middle cranial fossa from the infratemporal region?
the foramen ovale
Which vessel is located within the foramen spinosum?
the middle meningeal artery
What will the foramen lacerum communicate with in the living person?
it crosses between parts of the middle cranial fossa; it is not a major exit from the skull as would be suggested by the dry skull
What are the contents of the foramen lacerum?
the internal carotid artery, the carotid sympathetic nerve plexus and a venous plexus
What are the contents of the carotid canal?
the internal carotid artery and the carotid sympathetic nerve plexus
What are the contents of the vidian canal/pterygoid canal?
the vidian nerve or the nerve of the pterygoid canal
What are the contents of the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve?
the lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the tympanic plexus from the glossopharyngeal nerve
What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
the tentorium cerebelli
What part of the cerebrum occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
none; the tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebrum into a space above the posterior cranial fossa
What part of the central nervous system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata
What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the posterior cranial fossa?
the clivus or basilar part of the occipital bone
Which cranial nerves exit posterior cranial fossa ostia?
cranial nerve VII (facial), VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (spinal accessory), XII (hypoglossal)
Meningeal nerves in the foramen magnum are derived from which cord levels?
C1-C3 cord levels
What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?
cranial nerves VII (facial nerve), and VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve), the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII, the vestibular and cochlear roots of VIII and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein
What are the contents of the jugular foramen?
the jugular bulb, the inferior petrosal sinus, the tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/jugular glomus, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus) and XI (spinal accessory)
What is the jugular bulb?
the venous expansion between the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the internal jugular vein
What is the jugular body/jugular glomus?
a chemoreceptive organ located in the wall of the jugular bulb
What is the function of the jugular body/jugular glomus?
a chemoreceptive organ that monitors hypoxia, hypercapnia and increases in the hydrogen ion
What is the function of the tympanic body/tympanic glomus?
a chemoreceptive organ that monitors hypoxia, hypercapnia and increases in the hydrogen ion
What cranial nerve(s) are located within the hypoglossal canal?
cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)
What are the contents of the condylar canal?
an emissary vein connecting the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the vertebral venous plexus
What can the fiver layers of the scalp spell?
Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum… SCALP
What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?
internal carotid and external carotid artery branches
What veins drain the scalp?
superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital and ophthalmic veins
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?
all 3 divisions: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve
What part of the scalp is innervated by the ophthalmic division/branch of the trigeminal?
scalp above the orbit
What part of the scalp is innervated by the maxillary division/branch of the trigeminal?
scalp above the zygomatic arch
What part of the scalp is innervated by the mandibular division/branch of the trigeminal?
scalp above and behind the ear
Which ventral rami nerve(s) and cord levels of origin supply the scalp?
greater auricular nerve - C2, C3 ventral rami branches; lesser occipital nerve - C2 (C3) ventral rami branches
Which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?
greater occipital nerve - C2, C3 communicating ramus
What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?
muscular component of the scalp
The bellies of the epicranius muscle are connected by what structure?
galea aponeurotica
What specific nerves provide motor control to the scalp muscle?
facial nerve: posterior auricular and temporal branches
What is unusual/unique about the muscles of the face?
they do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin and insertion
Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
orbicularis oris, procerus and risorius
What is the embryonic origin of skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve?
the skeletal muscle is derived from the branchial arches hence branchial efferent
Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?
the stylomastoid foramen
What is the source of innervation for all muscles of facial expression?
facial nerve branches
Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?
muscles of facial expression, muscles of the scalp and the auricle, the buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digasric
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic afferent (SA) pathways?
all three
What landmark forms the apex of the orbit?
convergence of the superior and inferior orbital fissure
Identify the opening(s) found along each wall of the orbit.
superior wall: optic canal
medial wall: anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina
lateral wall: superior orbital fissure
inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure
What are the layers of the eyelid?
skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate/tarsus and palpebral conjunctiva
What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?
tarsal or Meibomian gland
What is the function of the Meibomian gland?
Produce a thick, hydrophobic substance that prevents tears from overflowing onto the cheeks along the margin of the eyelid
What is the name of the gland located at the base of the eyelash?
ciliary gland
What are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?
tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland
What is the name of the mucous membrane attaching to the eyeball?
bulbar conjunctiva
What is the name given to the blind sac formed between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva?
the superior or inferior fornix
Visceral Efferent (VE) pathways innervate what structures?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular tissues
What specific pathway are identified with Visceral Efferent (VE) innervation?
sympathetic and parasympathetic motor pathways
How many neurons are involved in the Visceral Efferent pathways (VE) from CNS to target cell?
two motor neurons
What is the location for the second neuron in the Visceral Efferent (VE) pathway?
typically, a ganglion
Which cranial nerves are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
facial and trigeminal (maxillary and ophthalmic divisions/branches)
What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?
pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel’s ganglion
Parasympathetic stimulation of blood vessels in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasodilatation (vasodilation) of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen
Sympathetic fibers synapse in which ganglion in the pathway to the lacrimal gland?
the superior cervical ganglion
Sympathetic fibers synapse in which ganglion in the pathway to the lacrimal gland?
the superior cervical ganglion
Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen
What cells of the lacrimal gland will cause the product to be released from the secretory unit?
myoepithelial cells
Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasodilatation (vasodilation) of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into the duct system
What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?
fibrous tunic, uveal tract and retina
What are the parts of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?
cornea and sclera
What are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?
iris, ciliary body, choroid and pupil
What muscles are present in the iris?
sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae
What is the innervation of the sphincter pupillae?
oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic pathway
What is the innervation of the ciliaris muscle?
oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic pathway
What is the function of the rod cell?
provide vision in dim light conditions
What is the function of the cone cell?
provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision
What forms the optic nerve?
axons of ganglion cells
What occurs at the optic chiasma?
part of the optic nerve decussates
What is the innervation of the dilator pupillae?
internal carotid artery plexus, sympathetic pathway
What are the chambers of the eyeball in front of the lens?
anterior chamber and posterior chamber
What separates the anterior chamber and posterior chamber in the eyeball?
iris
What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
aqueous humor
What is the primary cause of glaucoma?
excess aqueous humor in the chambers in front of the lens
What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?
vitreous chamber
What fills the vitreous chamber?
vitreous body
What are the functions of the vitreous body?
maintain retinal curvature; allow minimal light distortion from lens to retina
What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extraocular muscles?
they all originate from a common annular tendon in the orbit
they all insert into the sclera in front of the coronal equator of the eyeball
What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?
both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator
Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of the fourth cranial nerve will have an apparent origin from which side?
right side
What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?
it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin form the brains’ dorsal surface; it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus
The right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle?
the right side muscle
Intrinsic muscles of the eyeball are innervated by which Visceral Efferent (VE) pathways?
ciliaris and sphincter pupillae are innervated by parasympathetics; dilator pupillae is innervated by sympathetics
What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?
ciliary ganglion
What is the origin for the sympathetic pathway to the dilator pupillae?
lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column T1, T2
Sympathetic fibers synapse in which ganglion in the pathway to the dilator pupillae?
the superior cervical ganglion
From the superior cervical ganglion, how do sympathetic fibers reach the dilator pupillae?
they join the internal carotid artery neurovascular plexus and continue along the ophthalmic artery to the central artery of the retina and enter the eyeball
What provides the major distribution vehicle for sympathetics to the head?
arteries
What is the cymba concha of the external ear?
the part of the concha between the helix and the inferior crus of the antihelix
What is the name given to the “goat’s bear” of the auricle?
tragus
What is the name given to the palpable posterior projection corresponding to the triangular fossa of the auricle?
eminentia triangularis
What is the name given to the palpable posterior projection of the eminentia concha of the auricle?
ponticulus
Identify the extrinsic muscles of the auricle
the anterior auricular, superior auricular, posterior auricular and temporoparietalis
What is the innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the auricle?
posterior auricular and temporal branches of the facial nerve
Which branches of the external carotid artery supply the auricle?
occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal arteries… OPS
Sensory innervation of the auricle is derive from which nerves?
greater auricular (ventral rami C2, C3)
lesser occipital nerve (ventral rami C2, possibly C3)
auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular division, trigeminal)
posterior auricular cutaneous nerve (facial)
auricular nerve (vagus)
The external acoustic meatus lies between what boundaries?
concha of the auricle and the tympanic membrane of the middle ear
What part of the external acoustic meatus is protected by cartilage?
lateral one third
The medial part of the external acoustic meatus is protected by ____?
the temporal bone
What part of the external acoustic meatus is protected by bone?
the medial two thirds
Skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands?
ceruminous glands
What is cerumen?
the product of ceruminous glands forming the bulk of ear wax
Vascularization of the external acoustic meatus is derived from which branch(es) of the external carotid artery?
posterior auricular artery, internal maxillary artery, superficial temporal artery…. PIS
What muscle will the parotid gland duct/ Stensen’s duct penetrate?
the buccinator
What vein is formed within the parotid gland?
the retromandibular division
What are the branches of the facial nerve plexus?
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical branches
What branch of the facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it?
the chorda tympani nerve
What branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve are given off within the parotid gland?
the auriculotemporal and lingual nerves
What cranial nerves will be utilized in parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?
the glossopharyngeal and trigeminal nerves
Parasympathetic efferent fibers from the ninth cranial nerve will synapse in which ganglion?
otic ganglion or Arnold’s ganglion
The parasympathetic pathway from the ninth cranial nerve will innervate what target?
parotid galnd
Which branches/divisions of the trigeminal nerve will carry parasympathetic efferent fibers?
all three - the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches/divisions
What are the contents of the optic canal?
optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
lamina papyracea
What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?
superior orbital fissure
What opening accommodates the passage of the ophthalmic nerve and ophthalmic veins between teh orbit and cranial vault?
superior orbital fissure
What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
What is the superior boundary for the temporal region?
temporal lines of the parietal and frontal bones
What forms the floor of the temporal region?
pterion (sphenoid, parietal, temporal and frontal bones)
What is the major feature of the temporal region?
temporalis muscle
The temporalis muscle is innervated by which specific branch(es) of the trigeminal nerve?
anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves (mandibular division)
Sensory information from the temporalis muscle is carried in the trigeminal nerve to neurons in what nucleus (of termination)?
the mesencephalic nucleus
What forms the superior boundary of the infratemporal region?
greater wing of the sphenoid bone
What forms the anterior boundary of the infratemporal region?
infratemporal surface of maxilla
What forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal region?
lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid
What forms the lateral boundary of the infratemporal region?
ramus of the mandible
What are the contents of the infratemporal region?
medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, internal maxillary artery and branches, pterygoid venous plexus, internal maxillary vein, branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves and the otic ganglion
Identify the muscles of mastication
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid
The masseter muscle is innervated by which branch(es) of the trigeminal nerve?
masseteric nerve, mandibular division
The lateral pterygoid muscle is innervated by which branch(es) of the trigeminal nerve?
lateral pterygoid nerve, mandibular division
The medial pterygoid muscle is innervated by which branch(es) of the trigeminal nerve?
medial pterygoid nerve, mandibular division
Which type of sensory pathway will convey information from the masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles?
somatic afferent (SA) pathways
Sensory information from the masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles is carried in the trigeminal nerve to neurons in what nucleus (of termination)?
the mesencephalic nucleus
Which parasympathetic ganglion is located in the infratemporal region?
the otic ganglion
The otic ganglion is part of the neural pathway to what target organ?
the parotid gland
Which cranial nerve contains the nucleus of origin for the parasympathetic pathway to the parotid gland?
the glossopharyngeal nerve
What are the attachments sites of the stylomandibular ligament?
styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle of the mandible
What are the attachments sites if the sphenomandibular ligament?
the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible
What does the sphenomandibular ligament represent?
a remnant of Meckel’s cartilage of the first branchial arch
What muscles act to depress the mandible or open the mouth?
lateral pterygoid along with the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
What muscles act to retract the mandible or pull the chin back?
temporalis
What openings are associated with the pterygopalatine region?
inferior orbital fissure, pterygomaxillary fissure, sphenopalatine foramen and foramen rotundum
Which ganglion is located within the pterygopalatine region?
the pterygopalatine or Meckel’s ganglion
What neural pathway is the pterygopalatine ganglion associated with?
parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
the facial and trigeminal cranial nerves
What divisions of the trigeminal nerve will be associated with the parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve
What bones form the nasal skeleton?
the nasal bones, the maxillae or maxillary bones and the frontal bone
What type of tissue forms the major portion of the nose?
cartilage
What are the names of the larger pieces of cartilage forming the nose?
septal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage and major alar cartilage
Which of the nasal cartilages cartilages will attach to the ethmoid, vomer and nasal bones?
the septal cartilage
What are the bony attachments for the lateral nasal cartilage?
the nasal bones and the frontal process of the maxilla
Which of the nasal cartilages will attach to the nasal and maxillary bones?
the lateral nasal cartilage
Which of the larger nasal cartilages lacks any attachment to bone?
the major alar cartilage
Which branch(es) of the external carotid artery will vascularize the external nose?
the facial and internal maxillary arteries
Which branch(es) of the internal carotid artery will vascularize the external nose?
the ophthalmic artery
Which artery (ies) will supply the sides of the nose?
facial and internal maxillary artery branches
Veins of the external nose typically drain into what vessels?
the pterygoid venous plexus
Which type of sensory pathway will convey information from teh cutaneous regions of the external nose?
somatic afferent (SA) pathways
What do somatic afferent (SA) pathways monitor?
pain, temperature, light touch and proprioception
What nerves provide cutaneous sensation for the skin of external nose?
the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve
Sensory receptors contained within the skin of the nose are associated with somatic afferent (SA) fibers originating from neurons in what ganglion?
the semilunar/trigeminal ganglion
What is the oral vestibule?
the space between the teeth and the external fleshy tissue of the face
What is the labial vestibule?
the space between the lips and the teeth
What is the buccal vestibule?
the space between the cheeks and the teeth
What is the oral cavity proper?
the space within the region formed by the occluded teeth
