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Spinal Anatomy > Exam 3- Myology of the "Back", Deep, Anterior and Lateral Neck > Flashcards

Exam 3- Myology of the "Back", Deep, Anterior and Lateral Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the true back?

A

Layer 1: Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi
Layer 2: Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor and Levator Scapulae
Layer 3: Serratus Posterior Superior and Serratus Posterior Inferior
Layer 4: Erector Spinae
Layer 5: Transversospinalis

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2
Q

Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 1 of the true back?

A

Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi

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3
Q

Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 2 of the true back?

A

Rhomboid Major and Rhomboid Minor

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4
Q

Which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer 2 of the true back?

A

Levator Scapulae

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5
Q

The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve

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6
Q

What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?

A

C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve

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7
Q

The latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?

A

Thoracodorsal Nerve

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8
Q

What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?

A

ventral rami from C6-C8

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9
Q

Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

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10
Q

What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

ventral ramus of C5

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11
Q

The levator scapulae is innervated by what nerves?

A

dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C3, C4 ventral rami

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12
Q

The rhomboid major is innervated by what nerves?

A

dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus

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13
Q

The rhomboid minor is innervated by what nerves?

A

dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus

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14
Q

What muscles lie just beneath the trapezius in the neck?

A

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

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15
Q

What part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin from the splenius muscles?

A

the spinous process

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16
Q

Splenius Capitis will attach to what locations on the skull?

A

mastoid process of temporal bone, superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

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17
Q

What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?

A

dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C6 cord levels)

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18
Q

Splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine?

A

lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4

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19
Q

What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)

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20
Q

Which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back?

A

erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles

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21
Q

Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?

A

iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis

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22
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

spinous processes of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest

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23
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

costal angles of the lower 6-9 ribs (rib 6- rib 12 or rib 3 - rib 12)

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24
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar pelvic movement

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25
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?

A

spinous processes of L1-L5

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26
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?

A

iliac crest of the innominate bone

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27
Q

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

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28
Q

What is the origin for the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

costal angles of the lower 6-7 ribs (rib 5 or 6 - rib 12)

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29
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

costal angles of teh upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7

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30
Q

What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

transverse process of C7

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31
Q

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs?

A

iliocostalis thoracis

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32
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)

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33
Q

What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)

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34
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

posterior tubercle of transverse process of C(3) C4-C6

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35
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)

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36
Q

What muscles are classically identified as longissimus muscles?

A

longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis

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37
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?

A

accessory process and transverse process of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3

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38
Q

What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis?

A

transverse tubercle of all thoracic segments between tubercle and costal angle of the lower 9-10 ribs (rib 2 or rib 3 - rib 12)

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39
Q

Which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?

A

longissimus thoracis

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40
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)

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41
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

A

accessory process and medial part of the transverse process of L1-L5

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42
Q

What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

A

posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the innominate bone

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43
Q

Contraction of longissimus thoracis pars lumborum will result in what movements?

A

lateral flexion of lumbar spine

bilaterally extend lumbar spine and increase lumbar lordotic curve

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44
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column site serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?

A

spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3

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45
Q

What non-vertebral column site serves as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?

A

posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the innominate bone

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46
Q

Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?

A

longissimus thoracis pars lumborum

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47
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissimus cervicis?

A

posterior tubercle of transverse processes from C2-C6 or C7, articular process from C2-C6 or C7

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48
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 and T1-T2 cord levels)

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49
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus capitis?

A

transverse tubercle of T1-T5 and articular process of C4-C7

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50
Q

What is the insertion for the longissimus capitis?

A

mastoid process of temporal bone

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51
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?

A

dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)

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52
Q

Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?

A

longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis

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53
Q

What muscles are classically identified as spinalis muscles?

A

spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis and spinalis capitis

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54
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?

A

spinous processes of T11 and T12 - L1 and L2

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55
Q

What is the insertion for the spinalis thoracis?

A

spinous process of T1-T4 or as low as T8

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56
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of all thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves

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57
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis cervicis?

A

spinous process of C7 and T1-T6

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58
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the spinalis cervicis?

A

spinous processes from C2-C4

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59
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)

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60
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis capitis?

A

spinous process of C7 and T1-T6 or T7

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61
Q

What is the insertion for the spinalis capitis?

A

below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

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62
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?

A

dorsal rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves

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63
Q

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?

A

semispinalis, multifidus and rotators

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64
Q

How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?

A

as many as nine vertebrae

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65
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis thoracis?

A

transverse tubercles of T6-T10 or as low as T12

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66
Q

What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?

A

T12

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67
Q

What is the insertion for the semispinalis thoracis?

A

spinous processes of C6-C7 and T1-T4

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68
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)

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69
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?

A

transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4-C7

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70
Q

What is the insertion for the semispinalis cervicis?

A

spinous processes of C2-C5

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71
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)

72
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?

A

transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 and articular processes of C4-C6

73
Q

What is the insertion for the semispinalis capitis?

A

below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

74
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?

A

dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)

75
Q

The biventer cervicis is formed by the fusion of what muscles?

A

semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis

76
Q

What regional subdivisions are now identified with multifidis muscles?

A

lumbar multifidis, thoracic multifidis and cervical multifidis

77
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?

A

articular process of C4-C7, transverse processes of T1-T12, mammillary processes of L1-L5 and the dorsal surface of S1-S4 or S5

78
Q

What is the insertion for the classic multifidus?

A

spinous process 3-5 segments above the origin

79
Q

Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?

A

multifidus

80
Q

What is the innervation of the classic multifidis?

A

dorsal rami of C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5 and S1)

81
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the multifidis cervicis?

A

articular process of C4-C7

82
Q

What is the attachment site and most cranial vertebra of insertion for the multifidus?

A

spinous process of C2

83
Q

Contraction of multifidus cervicis will result in what movements?

A

alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck

84
Q

Which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin - insertion?

A

multifidis lumborum

85
Q

Contraction of multifidus lumborum will result in what movements?

A

lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

86
Q

What is characteristic of multifidus innervation?

A

all fascicles attaching to a specific spinous process are innervated by the nerve of that segment… (the L2 spinal nerve terminates on fascicles attaching to the L2 spinous process)

87
Q

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum

88
Q

Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine

A

the thoracic region

89
Q

What will replace muscles spanning one or two segmental levels in the cervicals and lumbars?

A

deep layers of the multifidis

90
Q

What muscle connects a transverse process to the spinous process of the segment above?

A

rotator brevis

91
Q

What muscle connects a transverse process to the spinous process two segments above?

A

rotator longus

92
Q

What innervates the rotators?

A

dorsal rami at the level of insertion are believed to do so

93
Q

What muscles are included in the suboccipital muscle group?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior

94
Q

What suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?

A

obliquus capitis inferior

95
Q

Which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles?

A

the dorsal ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve

96
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

the spinous tubercle of C2

97
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

inferior nuchal line laterally

98
Q

Contraction of rectus capitis posterior major will result in what movements?

A

turns the face to the side, bilaterally acts to extend the head

99
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1

100
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

inferior nuchal line medially

101
Q

Contraction of rectus capitis posterior minor will result in what movement?

A

extends the head

102
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

C2 spinous process and lamina

103
Q

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

transverse process of C1

104
Q

Contraction of obliquus capitis inferior will result in what movement?

A

turns the face to the side

105
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1

106
Q

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

between superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line

107
Q

Contraction of obliquus capitis superior will result in what movements?

A

lateral flexion/lateral bending of the head, bilaterally acts to extend the head

108
Q

An increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which suboccipital muscle?

A

Obliquus Capitis Inferior

109
Q

Suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain?

A

extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei

110
Q

What is the result of communication between suboccipital muscles, visual centers and vestibular centers?

A

coordination of head and eye position

111
Q

What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?

A

postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occiptal and atlanto- axial joints

112
Q

Which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater?

A

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor, and Obliquus Capitis Inferior

113
Q

At what segmental levels of the spine will the interspinalis muscle be present?

A

C2-C7, T1-T3, and T11-T12, L1-L4 or L5

114
Q

Interspinalis is paired in which regions of the spine?

A

cervical and lumbar regions

115
Q

At what locations will interspinalis be absent along the spine?

A

T3-T4 down to T10-T11

116
Q

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is proposed function of the interspinalis?

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

117
Q

Intertransversarii are paired in which region(s) of the spine?

A

cervical and lumbar regions

118
Q

In which region of the spine are intertransversarii best developed?

A

cervical region

119
Q

Which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spine nerves?

A

posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii

120
Q

What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?

A

accessory process of transverse process L1-L4

mammillary process of superior articular process L1-L4

121
Q

What is the insertion of the medial belly of the lumbar interstransversarii?

A

mammillary process of superior articular process the segment below (L2-L5)

122
Q

Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii

123
Q

Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by ventral rami of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

anterior lateral belly and posterior lateral belly, lumbar intertransversarii

124
Q

Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?

A

Intertransversarii

125
Q

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?

A

acts as proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

126
Q

What is the origin of the longus colli?

A

vertebral bodies of C5-C7, T1-T3 and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C5

127
Q

Contraction of longus colli will result in what movements?

A

flexion and lateral flexion (blending) of the neck and rotation to the contralateral side

128
Q

What will innervate the longus colli?

A

ventral rami of C2-C6 or C7 spinal nerves

129
Q

What is the origin of the longus capitis?

A

anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C6

130
Q

What is the insertion of the longus capitis?

A

basilar part of the occipital bone

131
Q

What will innervate the longus capitis?

A

the ventral rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves

132
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?

A

lateral mass and costal element of the transverse process of C1

133
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis anterior?

A

basilar part of the occipital bone

134
Q

What will innervate the rectus capitis anterior?

A

ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves

135
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

costal element of the transverse process of C1

136
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

jugular process of the occipital bone

137
Q

What will innervate the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

the ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves

138
Q

What is the origin of the anterior scalene?

A

anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C6

139
Q

What is the insertion of the anterior scalene?

A

ridge and anterior scalene tubercle of the first rib

140
Q

Contraction of anterior scalene will result in what movements?

A

flexion and lateral flexion (bending) of the neck and rotation of cervicals to the contralateral side; elevates first rib

141
Q

What will innervate the anterior scalene?

A

the ventral rami of C2-C6 spinal nerves

142
Q

What is the origin of the middle scalene?

A

transverse processes of C1, C2 and posterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C7

143
Q

What is the insertion of the middle scalene?

A

between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib

144
Q

Contraction of middle scalene will result in what movements?

A

laterally flex the neck; elevate the first rib

145
Q

What will innervate the middle scalene?

A

the ventral rami of C3-C8 spinal nerves

146
Q

What is the origin of the posterior scalene?

A

posterior tubercles of transverse processes C4-C6

147
Q

What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?

A

outer surface of second rib

148
Q

Contraction of posterior scalene, will result in what movements?

A

laterally flex the neck; elevates the second rib

149
Q

What will innervate the posterior scalene?

A

the ventral rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves

150
Q

Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament?

A

quadratus lumborum

151
Q

What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the quadratus lumborum?

A

transverse process of L5

152
Q

What is the insertion of the quadratus lumborum?

A

transverse tubercle of the transverse process L1-L4 and 12th rib

153
Q

What will innervate the quadratus lumborum?

A

the ventral rami of T12 and L1-L3 or L4 spinal nerves

154
Q

What is the origin of the psoas major?

A

vertebral bodies T12, L1-L5, S1 and transverse processes of L1-L5

155
Q

What is the insertion of the psoas major?

A

lesser trochanter of the femur

156
Q

What will innervate the psoas major?

A

primarily the ventral rami of L2 and L3, may include ventral rami of L1 and L4 spinal nerves

157
Q

What is the origin of the psoas minor?

A

vertebral bodies T12, L1

158
Q

What is the insertion of the psoas minor?

A

iliopubic eminence of the innominate bone

159
Q

What will innervate the psoas minor?

A

the ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve

160
Q

What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the iliacus?

A

superolateral margin of sacrum

161
Q

What non-vertebral column site serves as an origin to the iliacus?

A

iliac crest and upper two-thirds of the iliac fossa of the innominate bone

162
Q

What is the insertion of the iliacus?

A

lesser trochanter of the femur

163
Q

What will innervate the iliacus?

A

the femoral nerve, primarily the ventral rami of L2 and L3

164
Q

What is the origin of the levator costarum brevis?

A

transverse tubercles of transverse processes from C7, T1-T11

165
Q

What is the insertion of the levator costarum brevis?

A

between the costal tubercle and costal angle of the rib below

166
Q

What will innervate the levator costarum brevis?

A

the dorsal rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves

167
Q

What is the origin of the levator costarum longus?

A

transverse tubercles of transverse processes from T7-T10

168
Q

What is the insertion of the levator costarum longus?

A

near costal angle of rib 9 - rib 12

169
Q

What will innervate the levator costarum longus?

A

the dorsal rami of the lower thoracic spinal nerves

170
Q

What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior?

A

spinous tubercles of spinous processes from C7, T1, and T2, possibly T3

171
Q

What is the insertion of the serratus posterior superior?

A

upper outer border of rib 2 - rib 5

172
Q

What will innervate the serratus posterior superior?

A

the ventral rami of T2-T5 spinal nerves…intercostal

173
Q

What is the origin of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

spinous tubercles of spinous processes from T11, T12, L1 and L2, possibly L3

174
Q

What is the insertion of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

inferior outer border of ribs 9-12

175
Q

What will innervate the serratus posterior inferior?

A

the ventral rami of T9 - T11, the intercostal nerves and the ventral rami of T12, the subcostal nerve

Spinal Anatomy (8 decks)

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