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Bio112 Exam #3 > Exam 3 Study Guide Wkst > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Wkst Flashcards

1
Q

Pellicle

A

multiunit alveoli pockets between cilia for movement

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2
Q

Multiple Fission

A

Cell division - mitosis to get nucleus in both daughter cells (clones)

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3
Q

Budding

A

cell division - still clones, initially attached to parent cell

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4
Q

Pseodopods

A

motility made by cytoskeleton to help cell move

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5
Q

Alveoli

A

air filled pockets

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6
Q

Redtide

A

extreme place where dinoflagellates (protists) live and turn tide red

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7
Q

Conjugation

A

sexual reproduction between protists

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8
Q

About how many years ago did the first eukaryotic cells evolve, according to the fossil record? In what geological period (on the geological time scale) did this occur?

A

?(1.5 BYA, Paleozoic - first eukaryotes)

?(2.8 BYA origin of photosynthesis gave rise to eukaryotes)

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9
Q

What is the basic idea behind the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Margulis (1966)
chloroplast > mitochondria evolution > increase O2

1 specialized in ATP production

- is phagocytized and not digested
		           - functional inside and replicated
	- over time relationship became mutually beneficial
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10
Q

What, historically, was the purpose of the taxon Kingdom Protista?

A

? alveolates, stramenophiles, rhizaria, excavates

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11
Q

Within that kingdom, what was the major criterion for determining the phylum to which a protistan species belonged?

A

?membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane bound organelles

OR 
protists formerly classified based on method of locomotion:
-flagella
-cilia
-pseudopods
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells that distinguish them from prokaryotic cells?

A
  • flexible surface (not necessarily a cell wall)
    - high S.A to volume ratio
  • cytoskeleton (provide structure, infrastructure for cilia and flagella, internal organelle movement)
  • digestive vacuoles (lysosomes)
  • chloroplasts, mitochondria,
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13
Q

Which organelle do biologists believe evolved first: the mitochondrion or the chloroplast? Why do they think that is true?

A

? arguments: mitochondria and chloroplast- organelles that developed which are self replicating
they are also about the size of a bacteria
and they have double membranes (thylakoid for chloroplast and cristae for mitochondria)
they have their own DNA and ribosomes (make own proteins) and they make their own ATP- they are self sufficient

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14
Q

What are the four typical cell surfaces of protists?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cell walls (outside P.M.)
  • pellicle (only in some)
  • shells/tests (constructed by organism itself using surrounding sand or Ca+ carbonate in water)
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15
Q

For protists that have macronuclei and micronuclei, what is the function of the macronucleus? What is the function of the micronucleus?

A

Macro- larger, usually contains maintenance DNA

-direct division w/out mitosis

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16
Q

What is the role of the micronucleus during conjugation? Is conjugation a form of sexual reproduction? Why (or why not)?

A

Micro- smaller, is usually exchanged during conjugation
-mitosis, cell division, conjugation - furnishes pair of gamete nucluei

> Conjugation- between 2 ciliates- micronucleus exchange and form macro eventually ex) paramecium. Means of genetic exchange

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17
Q

size of protsists

A

-larger than bacteria

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18
Q

Habitat of protists

A

aquatic, body fluids, damp soils, feces

Common trend- moisture

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19
Q

Protists Reproduction

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Binary fission (Mitosis occurs first- doubling of nucleus and then organelles and them membrane splits
  • Budding- still clones, initially attached to parent cell
  • Spores- specialized cell which can grow into new individual- not metabolically inactive (Don’t confuse with bacterial endospore)
  • Sexual reproduction is also present in some, too. Parents produce gametes combining to form zygote.
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20
Q

Protist Nutrition

A
  • Autotrophs- photosynthesis like most diatoms
  • Heterotrophs- amaeoba using pseudopods
  • And some are both like euglena with the eye spot
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21
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

alternate btw sporophyte and gametophyte (sn -> n)

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22
Q

Sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid (2n) plant that contain spores and allows organism to undergo meiosis

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23
Q

Spore

A

asexual reproductive cell that is capable of maturing into adult organism (plant) without gamete fusion

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24
Q

Gametophyte

A

Multicellular haploid phase (n) that produces gametes for combination during fertilization

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25
Q

Rhizoids

A

hairlike extentions on moss, liverworts, and some vascular plants that serve the same function as roots

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26
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

fuels formed over time from organic material buried in sediment. (From carb. period, ferns most dominant and provide organic material?)

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27
Q

Seeds

A

fertilized, ripened ovule of a gymnosperm or angiosperm. Consists of embryo, nutrients and seed coat

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28
Q

Secondary Growth

A

growth in plants that contributes to the increase in girth (angio and gymnosperm)

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29
Q

Double Fertilization

A

Process in angiosperms, where nuclei of two sperm fertilize one egg

(sperm + egg -> zygote + sperm -> endosperm triploid)

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30
Q

Endosperm

A

specialized triploid seed tissue found only in angiosperm that stores nutrients for developing embryo

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31
Q

Flowers

A

sexual structure of angiosperm

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32
Q

Fruit

A

a ripened and mature ovary containing seeds

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33
Q

About how many years ago did the first plants evolve, according to the fossil record? In what geological period (on the geological time scale) did this occur?

A
  • Aquatic around 500 MYA
  • 470 MYA appearance of land plants spores
  • 450 MYA appearance of plant cuticle- spore bearing tissue
  • 400 MYA 20 cm tall plants with land plant characteristics.

PALEOZOIC period

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34
Q

What are the three key derived characters shared by all land plants?

A
  • embryos protected by tissues of parent plants
  • Chlorophylls a and b
  • startch is a storage product of photosynthesis
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35
Q

what evolutionary adaptations do we see in terrestrial plants that helped them meet the following environmental challenges?

A

oSupport for their bodies to reach sunlight ->FIBER CELLS in stems
oAnchorage to soil ->ROOTS
oConservation of water >CUTICLES
o Systems to transport food and water ->conducting tissues: phloem, xylem
o Gas exchange -> STOMATA
o Fertilization in dry air -> tough, resistant pollen and protected eggs (gametangia)

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36
Q

Draw an alternation of generations life cycle.

A

HAPLOID (n - top of circle)
meisosis > spores >mitosis > gametophyte (male and female) > sperm +egg > Fertilization

DIPLOID (sn - bottom)
fertilization > zygote > mitosis > sporophyte > meiosis

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37
Q

the most prominent plant group on Earth today

A

angiosperms

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38
Q

When (how many years ago) did angiosperms first appear

A

150 MYA - late Jurassic

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39
Q

Give examples of the coevolution between angiosperm species and other, non-plant species that contributes to angiosperm success.

A

Adaptations:

  1. double fertilization
  2. ovules - seed in carpel
  3. flower
  4. fruit

coevolution : use animals as pollinators

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40
Q

Glancophytes

A

chloroplasts contain a small amount of peptidoglycan between inner and outer membrane

41
Q

Red Algae

A
  • Have chlorophyll a
  • mainly marine-Phycoerythrin- red accessory pigment
  • Shallow pools or deep water
42
Q

Yeasts

A

unicellular tree living fungi, some fungi have yeast phase

43
Q

mycelium

A

body of a multicellular fungus

44
Q

hypha

septate vs coenocytic

A

mass of individual tubular filaments (many together = mycelium)

  • septate hyphae - cell walls separating nucluei
  • coenocytic hyphae - no division between nuceluei
45
Q

rhizoids

A

modified hyphae that anchor fungi to substances

46
Q

saprobe

A

decomposers of dead things

47
Q

dikaryotic

A

organism (fungi) with two genetically distinguishable nucluei

48
Q

mating type

A

incapable of mating with same strain of organism but capable of sexual reproduction with other strains of species (FUNGI)

49
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of cytoplasm of two cells

50
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of nuclei of two cells

51
Q

Describe the characteristics of the species that biologists believe is the common ancestor of fungi and animals.

A

common ancestor of fungi and animals - unicellular, flagellated protest
-flagella single and posterior

52
Q

What synapomorphies distinguish the fungi lineage from the animal lineage?

A

-fungi separate b/c absorptive heterotrophy and chitin in cell walls
(plants have cell walls too but are made of cellulose)

53
Q

What are the two basic body plans of fungi?

A
  1. yeasts = unicellular fungi

2. mycelium = body of a multicellular fungus

54
Q

What is the distinction between septate hyphae and coenocytic hyphae?

A
  • septate hyphae - cell walls separating nucluei. septa = incomplete cross wall…Allows for gaps which organelles can move through
  • coenocytic hyphae - no division between nuceluei. lack septa but may have 100s of nuclei
55
Q

What is the main source of carbon for fungal nutrition? What are the main sources of nitrogen?

A
  • carbon source: simple sugar and polysaccharides

* nitrogen source: proteins, nitrates, ammonium

56
Q

In what ways are fungi better decomposers than bacteria (which may also be decomposers)?

A
  • Primary decomposers of cellulose and lignin (cellulose and lignin peroxidase)
  • also break down keratin (hair and nails)

*bacteria can’t do that!

57
Q

What is the advantage to a multicellular fungus for having a large mycelium? What is the potential disadvantage of this large mycelium?

A

Large mycelium:

  • advantage
  • absorptive heterotrophy

*disadvantage: greater chance of desiccation (loose h20 rapidly)

58
Q

How is being dikaryotic different from being diploid, with respect to fungal cells?

A

DIKARYOTIC: two genetically different haploid nuclei coexist and divide within each cell of mycelium ( gamete nucluei - both parents in one cell n+n)

DIPLOID:2n is the fusion of both nuclei in this stage of fungus is to produce 2n zygote

() + () - haploid (n)
> ( * * ) - dikaryotic (n + n)
> ( ** ) -diploid (2n - fused nuclei)

59
Q

Describe the benefits to both the fungus and the plant species in a mycorrhizae relationship.

A

plant roots infected with fungi

  1. ectomycorrhizae - wrap around plant roots but do not penetrate cell wall
  2. arbuscular mycorrhizae - enter root and penetrate cell wall forming tree like structure outside plasma membrane

Fungal benefits: plant gives carbon and nitrogen

Plant benefits: increased plant h20 and mineral uptake. fungus also may provide growth hormones and protect plant from pathogens

60
Q

Describe the benefits to both the fungus and the algal or cyanobacterium species in a lichen relationship.

A

fungus and photosynthetic microorganisms - allows it to live in harsh environment (NOT hair polluted)

Fungal benefits: obtained fixed carbon
Alga benefits: provides moist environment and nutrients

61
Q

diploblastic

A

animals have two layers: ectoderm and endoderm (sponges and cnidarians)

62
Q

triploblastic

A

animal has ectoderm and endoderm but also has a 3rd layer between them, mesoderm (protostome and deuterostome animals ie: flatworms to mammals)

63
Q

protostome

A

mouth arises from blastopore

64
Q

deuterostome

A

anus arises from blastopore

65
Q

what groups are protostome

A

“cnidarians”, flatworms, rotifers, annelids, mollusks, nematodes, arthropods

66
Q

what groups are deuterostome

A

echinoderms, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

67
Q

sessile

A

stage during cnidarian life cycle when the main body is immobile and developing

68
Q

medusa

A

mobile stage in cnidarian life cycle when animal can mate and has tenticles

69
Q

polyp

A

formation during sessile stage where cylindrical stalk is attached to substrate while sessile develops

70
Q

cephalization

A

evolutionary trend towards concentration of brain and sensory organs at the end of the animal (develop a head)

71
Q

metameric

A

linear series of body segments which are formed during mesodermal event with serial repetitions of unit subdivisions of ecto and mesoderm

72
Q

setae

A

stiff bristles that protrude near mouth in annelids that contact with substrate to prevent slipping from grip when eating (leech)

73
Q

cuticle (animal)

A

outerbody covering that provides protection and support to animal. Is periodically molted and a new cuticle is formed

74
Q

What are the 4 characteristics that all animals share

A
  1. multicellular
  2. heterotrophic
  3. have some form of internal digestion
  4. independent motility
75
Q

synapomorphies of the animal group

A
  1. unique cell junction
    - tight junctions: nothing penetrates cells
    - desmosomes: anchors cells together and acts as channel
    - gap junctions: communication channels btw cells that allow for continuous signal (ie: heart muscle)
  2. extracellular matrix contains collagen and proteoglycan
76
Q

common ancestor of all animals

A

choanoflagellate

77
Q

animals differentiated by what trait?

A

diploblastic or triploblastic

78
Q

developmental stages of an embryo

A
  1. cleavage

2. gastrulation

79
Q

animal body symmetries

A
  1. radial (sponge, cnidarians)
  2. bilateral (everything else)
  3. asymmetric (sponge)
80
Q

Why do animals of different groups go through similar development?

A

consensus sequence within embryonic development (Hox Genes) outlines the structure and development in the initial stages that is similar throughout all animals. Helps demonstrate evolution

81
Q

animal body cavities

A
  1. acoelomate
    - sponge, cnidarians, flatworms
  2. pseudocoelomate
    - rotifers, nematodes
  3. coelomate
    - annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
82
Q

why is body segmentation an important feature

A
  • facilitates specialization of body regions
  • allows complex body development
  • enables more controlled body movement and motility
83
Q

what are appendage functions

A
  1. obtain food
  2. avoid predators
  3. mate
    4 increase motility
  4. sensory use
  5. reproduction facilitator
84
Q

closed vs open circulatory system

A

closed- blood enclosed in vessel at all times

open- blood pumped into an open body cavity and then diffused out

85
Q

complete vs incomplete digestion

A

complete- mouth and anus opening

incomplete- single mouth/anus opening (jellyfish)

86
Q

why was cephalization an important evolutionary innovation

A
  • it allowed for the increase in the concentration of brain and sensory components to the anterior region of the body.
  • this eventually changed the symmetry of the body and lead to the development of the head. Which lead to increase in cognitive function
87
Q

pentamerous

A

symmetry of 5 or a multiple of 5 in adult echinoderms (still bilateral symmetry)
-ex: starfish

88
Q

notochord

A

flexible rod made of gelatinous material that serves to support the embryo of all chordates and adult tunicates and lancelets

89
Q

tetrapod

A

4 legged vertebrates

- developed during amphibians and became functional for terrestrials of reptiles and mammals

90
Q

bipedalism

A

form of terrestrial movement where organism moves by using two rear limbs

91
Q

deuterostome characteristics

A
  1. triploblastic
  2. coelomate
  3. skeletal support features
92
Q

chordate clad includes what groups and what are the main characteristics of all

A

Includes: lancelet, tunicate, and vertebrate

  1. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  2. notochord
  3. pharyngeal slits (pharynx)
  4. tail beyond anus (even if small like humans)
  5. gut
93
Q

vertebrate characteristics and groups

A

groups: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
1. anterior skull with large brain
2. rigid internal skeleton
3. internal organs suspended in coelom
4. well developed circulatory system and nervous system

94
Q

Fish contribute what evolutionary features of vertebrates

A
  1. gills and gill arches -> jaw -> jaw and teeth
  2. paired fins -> appendages -> appendages with joint and muscle
  3. deep sea lung sac -> swim bladder -> lungs
  4. cartilage skeleton -> calcification -> bones
95
Q

In what ways have amphibians not completely transitioned from aquatic to terrestrial living?

A
  • initial developmental stages in water (unable to maintain hospitable environment outside of water)
  • adult terrestrial on land but ectoderm does not have functional “waterproofing” which causes need for close water source
96
Q

Why have the amniotes been successful in the transition to terrestrial living?

A

developed water conserving amniotic egg, which allows for continuous aqueous development out of water

97
Q

amniotic egg components and role (5)

A
  1. shell- retards evaporation but permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide
  2. amnion- protective sac around embryo that holds water in
  3. allantois- sac with enclosed waste from embryo, allows gas exchange
  4. yolk- nutrient sac
  5. chorion- protective layer surrounding everything that permits gas exchange
98
Q

what animals are the sister group of modern birds?

A
  • sister group is crocodiles
  • ancestor of both are dinosaurs
  • -> believe scales of specific dinosaurs turned into feathers
99
Q

unique characteristics of birds

A
  1. feathers
  2. bipedal stance
  3. hollow bone
  4. wish bone (furcula)
  5. elongated metatarsal with 3 digits (feet)
  6. elongated forelimbs with 3 digits (wings)
  7. pelvis joint is backwards

Bio112 Exam #3 (2 decks)

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