Exam 3 Study Guide Wkst Flashcards
1
Q
Pellicle
A
multiunit alveoli pockets between cilia for movement
2
Q
Multiple Fission
A
Cell division - mitosis to get nucleus in both daughter cells (clones)
3
Q
Budding
A
cell division - still clones, initially attached to parent cell
4
Q
Pseodopods
A
motility made by cytoskeleton to help cell move
5
Q
Alveoli
A
air filled pockets
6
Q
Redtide
A
extreme place where dinoflagellates (protists) live and turn tide red
7
Q
Conjugation
A
sexual reproduction between protists
8
Q
About how many years ago did the first eukaryotic cells evolve, according to the fossil record? In what geological period (on the geological time scale) did this occur?
A
?(1.5 BYA, Paleozoic - first eukaryotes)
?(2.8 BYA origin of photosynthesis gave rise to eukaryotes)
9
Q
What is the basic idea behind the Endosymbiotic Theory?
A
Margulis (1966)
chloroplast > mitochondria evolution > increase O2
1 specialized in ATP production
- is phagocytized and not digested - functional inside and replicated - over time relationship became mutually beneficial
10
Q
What, historically, was the purpose of the taxon Kingdom Protista?
A
? alveolates, stramenophiles, rhizaria, excavates
11
Q
Within that kingdom, what was the major criterion for determining the phylum to which a protistan species belonged?
A
?membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane bound organelles
OR protists formerly classified based on method of locomotion: -flagella -cilia -pseudopods
12
Q
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells that distinguish them from prokaryotic cells?
A
- flexible surface (not necessarily a cell wall)
- high S.A to volume ratio - cytoskeleton (provide structure, infrastructure for cilia and flagella, internal organelle movement)
- digestive vacuoles (lysosomes)
- chloroplasts, mitochondria,
13
Q
Which organelle do biologists believe evolved first: the mitochondrion or the chloroplast? Why do they think that is true?
A
? arguments: mitochondria and chloroplast- organelles that developed which are self replicating
they are also about the size of a bacteria
and they have double membranes (thylakoid for chloroplast and cristae for mitochondria)
they have their own DNA and ribosomes (make own proteins) and they make their own ATP- they are self sufficient
14
Q
What are the four typical cell surfaces of protists?
A
- plasma membrane
- cell walls (outside P.M.)
- pellicle (only in some)
- shells/tests (constructed by organism itself using surrounding sand or Ca+ carbonate in water)
15
Q
For protists that have macronuclei and micronuclei, what is the function of the macronucleus? What is the function of the micronucleus?
A
Macro- larger, usually contains maintenance DNA
-direct division w/out mitosis
16
Q
What is the role of the micronucleus during conjugation? Is conjugation a form of sexual reproduction? Why (or why not)?
A
Micro- smaller, is usually exchanged during conjugation
-mitosis, cell division, conjugation - furnishes pair of gamete nucluei
> Conjugation- between 2 ciliates- micronucleus exchange and form macro eventually ex) paramecium. Means of genetic exchange
17
Q
size of protsists
A
-larger than bacteria
18
Q
Habitat of protists
A
aquatic, body fluids, damp soils, feces
Common trend- moisture
19
Q
Protists Reproduction
A
- Asexual reproduction
- Binary fission (Mitosis occurs first- doubling of nucleus and then organelles and them membrane splits
- Budding- still clones, initially attached to parent cell
- Spores- specialized cell which can grow into new individual- not metabolically inactive (Don’t confuse with bacterial endospore)
- Sexual reproduction is also present in some, too. Parents produce gametes combining to form zygote.
20
Q
Protist Nutrition
A
- Autotrophs- photosynthesis like most diatoms
- Heterotrophs- amaeoba using pseudopods
- And some are both like euglena with the eye spot
21
Q
Alternation of Generations
A
alternate btw sporophyte and gametophyte (sn -> n)
22
Q
Sporophyte
A
multicellular diploid (2n) plant that contain spores and allows organism to undergo meiosis
23
Q
Spore
A
asexual reproductive cell that is capable of maturing into adult organism (plant) without gamete fusion
24
Q
Gametophyte
A
Multicellular haploid phase (n) that produces gametes for combination during fertilization
25
Rhizoids
hairlike extentions on moss, liverworts, and some vascular plants that serve the same function as roots
26
Fossil Fuels
fuels formed over time from organic material buried in sediment. (From carb. period, ferns most dominant and provide organic material?)
27
Seeds
fertilized, ripened ovule of a gymnosperm or angiosperm. Consists of embryo, nutrients and seed coat
28
Secondary Growth
growth in plants that contributes to the increase in girth (angio and gymnosperm)
29
Double Fertilization
Process in angiosperms, where nuclei of two sperm fertilize one egg
(sperm + egg -> zygote + sperm -> endosperm triploid)
30
Endosperm
specialized triploid seed tissue found only in angiosperm that stores nutrients for developing embryo
31
Flowers
sexual structure of angiosperm
32
Fruit
a ripened and mature ovary containing seeds
33
About how many years ago did the first plants evolve, according to the fossil record? In what geological period (on the geological time scale) did this occur?
- Aquatic around 500 MYA
- 470 MYA appearance of land plants spores
- 450 MYA appearance of plant cuticle- spore bearing tissue
- 400 MYA 20 cm tall plants with land plant characteristics.
PALEOZOIC period
34
What are the three key derived characters shared by all land plants?
- embryos protected by tissues of parent plants
- Chlorophylls a and b
- startch is a storage product of photosynthesis
35
what evolutionary adaptations do we see in terrestrial plants that helped them meet the following environmental challenges?
oSupport for their bodies to reach sunlight ->FIBER CELLS in stems
oAnchorage to soil ->ROOTS
oConservation of water >CUTICLES
o Systems to transport food and water ->conducting tissues: phloem, xylem
o Gas exchange -> STOMATA
o Fertilization in dry air -> tough, resistant pollen and protected eggs (gametangia)
36
Draw an alternation of generations life cycle.
HAPLOID (n - top of circle)
meisosis > spores >mitosis > gametophyte (male and female) > sperm +egg > Fertilization
DIPLOID (sn - bottom)
fertilization > zygote > mitosis > sporophyte > meiosis
37
the most prominent plant group on Earth today
angiosperms
38
When (how many years ago) did angiosperms first appear
150 MYA - late Jurassic
39
Give examples of the coevolution between angiosperm species and other, non-plant species that contributes to angiosperm success.
Adaptations:
1. double fertilization
2. ovules - seed in carpel
3. flower
4. fruit
coevolution : use animals as pollinators
40
Glancophytes
chloroplasts contain a small amount of peptidoglycan between inner and outer membrane
41
Red Algae
- Have chlorophyll a
- mainly marine-Phycoerythrin- red accessory pigment
- Shallow pools or deep water
42
Yeasts
unicellular tree living fungi, some fungi have yeast phase
43
mycelium
body of a multicellular fungus
44
hypha
| septate vs coenocytic
mass of individual tubular filaments (many together = mycelium)
- septate hyphae - cell walls separating nucluei
- coenocytic hyphae - no division between nuceluei
45
rhizoids
modified hyphae that anchor fungi to substances
46
saprobe
decomposers of dead things
47
dikaryotic
organism (fungi) with two genetically distinguishable nucluei
48
mating type
incapable of mating with same strain of organism but capable of sexual reproduction with other strains of species (FUNGI)
49
plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm of two cells
50
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei of two cells
51
Describe the characteristics of the species that biologists believe is the common ancestor of fungi and animals.
common ancestor of fungi and animals - unicellular, flagellated protest
-flagella single and posterior
52
What synapomorphies distinguish the fungi lineage from the animal lineage?
-fungi separate b/c absorptive heterotrophy and chitin in cell walls
(plants have cell walls too but are made of cellulose)
53
What are the two basic body plans of fungi?
1. yeasts = unicellular fungi
| 2. mycelium = body of a multicellular fungus
54
What is the distinction between septate hyphae and coenocytic hyphae?
- septate hyphae - cell walls separating nucluei. septa = incomplete cross wall...Allows for gaps which organelles can move through
- coenocytic hyphae - no division between nuceluei. lack septa but may have 100s of nuclei
55
What is the main source of carbon for fungal nutrition? What are the main sources of nitrogen?
* carbon source: simple sugar and polysaccharides
| * nitrogen source: proteins, nitrates, ammonium
56
In what ways are fungi better decomposers than bacteria (which may also be decomposers)?
- Primary decomposers of cellulose and lignin (cellulose and lignin peroxidase)
- also break down keratin (hair and nails)
*bacteria can't do that!
57
What is the advantage to a multicellular fungus for having a large mycelium? What is the potential disadvantage of this large mycelium?
Large mycelium:
* advantage
- absorptive heterotrophy
*disadvantage: greater chance of desiccation (loose h20 rapidly)
58
How is being dikaryotic different from being diploid, with respect to fungal cells?
DIKARYOTIC: two genetically different haploid nuclei coexist and divide within each cell of mycelium ( gamete nucluei - both parents in one cell n+n)
DIPLOID:2n is the fusion of both nuclei in this stage of fungus is to produce 2n zygote
(*) + (*) - haploid (n)
> ( * * ) - dikaryotic (n + n)
> ( ** ) -diploid (2n - fused nuclei)
59
Describe the benefits to both the fungus and the plant species in a mycorrhizae relationship.
plant roots infected with fungi
1. ectomycorrhizae - wrap around plant roots but do not penetrate cell wall
2. arbuscular mycorrhizae - enter root and penetrate cell wall forming tree like structure outside plasma membrane
Fungal benefits: plant gives carbon and nitrogen
Plant benefits: increased plant h20 and mineral uptake. fungus also may provide growth hormones and protect plant from pathogens
60
Describe the benefits to both the fungus and the algal or cyanobacterium species in a lichen relationship.
fungus and photosynthetic microorganisms - allows it to live in harsh environment (NOT hair polluted)
Fungal benefits: obtained fixed carbon
Alga benefits: provides moist environment and nutrients
61
diploblastic
animals have two layers: ectoderm and endoderm (sponges and cnidarians)
62
triploblastic
animal has ectoderm and endoderm but also has a 3rd layer between them, mesoderm (protostome and deuterostome animals ie: flatworms to mammals)
63
protostome
mouth arises from blastopore
64
deuterostome
anus arises from blastopore
65
what groups are protostome
"cnidarians", flatworms, rotifers, annelids, mollusks, nematodes, arthropods
66
what groups are deuterostome
echinoderms, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
67
sessile
stage during cnidarian life cycle when the main body is immobile and developing
68
medusa
mobile stage in cnidarian life cycle when animal can mate and has tenticles
69
polyp
formation during sessile stage where cylindrical stalk is attached to substrate while sessile develops
70
cephalization
evolutionary trend towards concentration of brain and sensory organs at the end of the animal (develop a head)
71
metameric
linear series of body segments which are formed during mesodermal event with serial repetitions of unit subdivisions of ecto and mesoderm
72
setae
stiff bristles that protrude near mouth in annelids that contact with substrate to prevent slipping from grip when eating (leech)
73
cuticle (animal)
outerbody covering that provides protection and support to animal. Is periodically molted and a new cuticle is formed
74
What are the 4 characteristics that all animals share
1. multicellular
2. heterotrophic
3. have some form of internal digestion
4. independent motility
75
synapomorphies of the animal group
1. unique cell junction
- tight junctions: nothing penetrates cells
- desmosomes: anchors cells together and acts as channel
- gap junctions: communication channels btw cells that allow for continuous signal (ie: heart muscle)
2. extracellular matrix contains collagen and proteoglycan
76
common ancestor of all animals
choanoflagellate
77
animals differentiated by what trait?
diploblastic or triploblastic
78
developmental stages of an embryo
1. cleavage
| 2. gastrulation
79
animal body symmetries
1. radial (sponge, cnidarians)
2. bilateral (everything else)
3. asymmetric (sponge)
80
Why do animals of different groups go through similar development?
consensus sequence within embryonic development (Hox Genes) outlines the structure and development in the initial stages that is similar throughout all animals. Helps demonstrate evolution
81
animal body cavities
1. acoelomate
- sponge, cnidarians, flatworms
2. pseudocoelomate
- rotifers, nematodes
3. coelomate
- annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
82
why is body segmentation an important feature
- facilitates specialization of body regions
- allows complex body development
- enables more controlled body movement and motility
83
what are appendage functions
1. obtain food
2. avoid predators
3. mate
4 increase motility
5. sensory use
6. reproduction facilitator
84
closed vs open circulatory system
closed- blood enclosed in vessel at all times
| open- blood pumped into an open body cavity and then diffused out
85
complete vs incomplete digestion
complete- mouth and anus opening
| incomplete- single mouth/anus opening (jellyfish)
86
why was cephalization an important evolutionary innovation
- it allowed for the increase in the concentration of brain and sensory components to the anterior region of the body.
- this eventually changed the symmetry of the body and lead to the development of the head. Which lead to increase in cognitive function
87
pentamerous
symmetry of 5 or a multiple of 5 in adult echinoderms (still bilateral symmetry)
-ex: starfish
88
notochord
flexible rod made of gelatinous material that serves to support the embryo of all chordates and adult tunicates and lancelets
89
tetrapod
4 legged vertebrates
| - developed during amphibians and became functional for terrestrials of reptiles and mammals
90
bipedalism
form of terrestrial movement where organism moves by using two rear limbs
91
deuterostome characteristics
1. triploblastic
2. coelomate
3. skeletal support features
92
chordate clad includes what groups and what are the main characteristics of all
Includes: lancelet, tunicate, and vertebrate
1. dorsal hollow nerve cord
2. notochord
3. pharyngeal slits (pharynx)
4. tail beyond anus (even if small like humans)
5. gut
93
vertebrate characteristics and groups
groups: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
1. anterior skull with large brain
2. rigid internal skeleton
3. internal organs suspended in coelom
4. well developed circulatory system and nervous system
94
Fish contribute what evolutionary features of vertebrates
1. gills and gill arches -> jaw -> jaw and teeth
2. paired fins -> appendages -> appendages with joint and muscle
3. deep sea lung sac -> swim bladder -> lungs
4. cartilage skeleton -> calcification -> bones
95
In what ways have amphibians not completely transitioned from aquatic to terrestrial living?
- initial developmental stages in water (unable to maintain hospitable environment outside of water)
- adult terrestrial on land but ectoderm does not have functional "waterproofing" which causes need for close water source
96
Why have the amniotes been successful in the transition to terrestrial living?
developed water conserving amniotic egg, which allows for continuous aqueous development out of water
97
amniotic egg components and role (5)
1. shell- retards evaporation but permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. amnion- protective sac around embryo that holds water in
3. allantois- sac with enclosed waste from embryo, allows gas exchange
4. yolk- nutrient sac
5. chorion- protective layer surrounding everything that permits gas exchange
98
what animals are the sister group of modern birds?
- sister group is crocodiles
- ancestor of both are dinosaurs
- -> believe scales of specific dinosaurs turned into feathers
99
unique characteristics of birds
1. feathers
2. bipedal stance
3. hollow bone
4. wish bone (furcula)
5. elongated metatarsal with 3 digits (feet)
6. elongated forelimbs with 3 digits (wings)
7. pelvis joint is backwards
