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Bio112 Exam #3 > exam 3 ORGANISM CLADES AND GROUPS > Flashcards

exam 3 ORGANISM CLADES AND GROUPS Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Alveolate Clade

A
  • alveoli = air sacs below surface of plasma membrane
  • unicellular
  • apicomplexans
  • dinoflagellates
  • ciliates
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2
Q

The Apicomlexans

A
  • apical complex (complex of organelles at apex of cell, used to invade host tissues)
  • exclusively parasitic
  • much reduced chloroplast than in other protists (lost photosynthetic function b/c hetertrophic)
    ex: plasmodium falciparum (malaria from mosquitos)

(Protistan, alveolate)

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3
Q

The Dinoflagellates

A
  • two flagella
  • important producers in marine ecosystems
  • red tide

(Protistan, alveolate)

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4
Q

The Ciliates

A
  • have cilia
  • two types of nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus)
    ex: paramecium

(Protistan, alveolate)

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5
Q

The Stramenophile Clade Characteristics

A

-two flagella, with rows of tubular hairs on the longer one

  • brown algae
  • Diatoms
  • Oomycetes
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6
Q

Brown Algae

A
  • fucoxanthin (a yellow-orange caratinoid) + chlorophylls a and c = brown color
  • multicellular
  • marine

(Protistan, stramenopile)

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7
Q

The Diatoms

A
  • unicellular
  • carotenoids
  • produce carbs and oils (responsible for 1/5 of all photosynthetic carbon fixation on earth)
  • silica in cell walls

(Protistan, stramenopile)

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8
Q

The Oomycetes

A
  • non-photosynthetic (fungus-like)
  • absorptive heterotrophs (fungus-like)
  • cell walls of cellulose (NOT fungus-like)

(Protistan, stramenopile)
ex- mildews

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9
Q

The Rhizaria Clade Characteristics and Groups

A
  • unicellular
  • aquatic
  • long, thin pseudopods
  • foraminiferans
  • radiolarians
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10
Q

Foraminiferans

A
  • some produce shells out of calcium carbonate (limestone)
  • long, threadlike, branched pseudopods extend thru openings in shell

(protistan, rhizaria)

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11
Q

Radiolarians

A
  • thin, stiff pseudopods
  • marine
  • radial symmetry
  • glassy endoskeletons

(protistan, rhizaria)

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12
Q

The Excavate Clade Characteristics and Groups

A

-loss of mitochondria in some (but have mitochondria DNA)

  • diplomonads
  • euglenids
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13
Q

Diplomonads

A
  • unicellular
  • loss of mitochondria
  • parasitic

(protistian, excavate)

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14
Q

Euglenids

A
  • unicellular
  • flagella
  • distinctive mitochondria - disk-like (instead of cristae they are disks, not folded)

(protistian, excavate)

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15
Q

The Ameoebozoan Clade Characteristics and Groups

A

-pseudopods - extension of cytoplasm for locomotion

  • loboseans
  • slime molds
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16
Q

Loboseans

A
  • unicellular
  • phagocytosis thru use of lobe-shaped pseudopod

(protistan, ameobozoan)

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17
Q

Slime Molds

A
  • motive
  • endocytosis for feeding
  • spores disseminate from fruiting bodies
  • plasmodium
  • multicellular
  • used to be classified as fungi

(protistan, ameobozoan)

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18
Q

Ancestor of plants very similar to modern day _____________

A

glaucophytes (aquatic, unicellular)

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19
Q

Key Characteristics of Land Plants

A
  • embryos
  • chlorophylls a and b
  • starch is a storage product of photosynthesis
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20
Q

Appearance of land plant spores

A

470 MYA

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21
Q

Appearance of plant cuticle, spore-bearing tissues

A

450 MYA

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22
Q

Appearance of 20-cm tall land plants

A

400 MYA

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23
Q

Nonvascular Land Plants (characteristics and groups)

A
  • no fluid conducting cells
  • rhizoids (non-photosynthetic tissues used for anchorage)
  • poor conductors of h20 (rhi=roots)
  • sporophytes dependent of gametophytes
  • grow in mats
  • found in cool, moist, shady areas
  • liverworts
  • mosses
  • hornworts
24
Q

Liverworts

A

-green, flattened gametophyte

nonvascular land plant

25
Q

Mosses

A
  • dominant gametophyte (sporo depend on gametophyte)
  • zygote in gametophyte so protected embryo

(nonvascular land plant)

26
Q

Hornworts

A
  • only 1 plate like chloroplast per cell
  • very fat gametophyte
  • 20cm max height
  • similar to worlds’s first land plants

(nonvascular land plant)

27
Q

Ferns

A
  • dominant sporophyte - reduced gametophyte, very tiny
  • flagellated sperm - requires aqueous environment
  • dominant vegetation during Carboniferous period (360-300 MYA)
  • fossil fuels (carbon morphed into natural gas)

*SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANT

28
Q

Vascular Seed Plants

A
  • xylem and phloem tubing
  • dominant sporophyte, very reduced gametophyte
  • seeds - small package with embryo and food supply, protective wrap
  • secondary growth - growing wider (wood - dead xylem tissue)
  • heterosporous = 2 different types of sperm
  • Gymnosperm (conifers)
  • Angiosperms
29
Q

Conifers

A

AKA gymnosperm (naked seed)

  • no fleshy ovary to cover seeds
  • conifers “cone bearers” - 700 species, earths most impressive organisms
  • tallest 100m organism
  • oldest around 4800 YO - bristecone pine

(Vascular Seeded Plant)

30
Q

Adaptations of Conifers

A
  • needle-like leaves with thick cuticles so less h20 evaporates
  • evergreen - perform photosynthesis year-round
  • dry, cool climates
  • branches bend rather than break
  • pine life cycle - megaspores (female) micropsores (male - pollen)
  • first forest restorers after forest fire (fire releases seeds and have fast growth rate)
31
Q

Angiosperm

A
  • 1st angiosperms in late Jurassic 150 MYA
  • radiation in tertiary 65 MYA
  • now 80% of all plants (250,00- species)

(Vascular Seed Plant)

32
Q

Adaptations of Angiosperms

A
  • double fertilization: heterosporous for angiosperms ONLY
  • polar nuclei - 2 in ebryo sac fuse with sperm to fertilize and make 3n triploid (called endosperm)
  • 2 fertilizations
  • resultant endosperm is a food source for embryo inside seed
  • ovules - seeds in carpel
  • flowers - primary purpose is to attract pollinators
  • fruits - contain seeds or used for transport of seeds
  • phloem with companion cells
  • greatly reduced gametophytes
33
Q

Zygomycota

A
  • zygospore - unicellular stage with multiple diploid nuclei
  • coenocytic hypae
  • sporangiosphore - stalked, reproductive structure bearing sporangia

*FUNGI

34
Q

Glomeromycota

A
  • mycorrhizae- mutualisms btwn fungi and plants
  • coenocytic hyphae
  • asexual reproduction
  • convert plant glucose to fungal sugars

*FUNGI

35
Q

Ascomycota

A
  • ascus - microscopic sac containing spores
  • 64,000 species - 1/2 are LICHENS - mutualism w/ cyanobacteria, unicellular alga, or both
  • saccharomyces, cup fungi, truffles, molds, mildews, ergot

*FUNGI

36
Q

Basidiomycota

A
  • basidium - pedestals containing products of meiosis
  • basidioma - fruiting structures
  • 30,000 species
  • mushrooms, puff balls, rust, smut, bracket fungi

*FUNGI

37
Q

What makes something an animal?

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • internal digestion
  • movement (whether internal or external)
38
Q

Synapomorphies of Animals

A
  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions
  • collagen, proteglycans
39
Q

Common ancestor of all animals was likely to be __________

A

choanoflagellate - a colonial flagellated protist

40
Q

Sponges

A
  • multicellular, loose arrangement of cells held together by spicules
  • no organs or tissues, no embryonic layers
  • pores, canals, chambers
  • marine, freshwater
  • radial or no symm.
  • sessile
  • individual cells can come bk together to make functional sponge
  • type of sponge depends on type of spicules
41
Q

Cnidarians

A

-diploblastic protostomes
-chidocytes - stinging cells with nematocytes
-GVC (gastrovascular cavity)
-tentacles
-incomplete digestive system
-aquatic
-radial symmetry with oral and aboral ends
2 body plans:
-medusa (bell shaped): jellyfish
-polyp (cylinder or tube shaped)

42
Q

Flatworms

A
  • acoelomate
  • flatbody dorsoventrally
  • first inklings of nervous systems - sense organs, cephalization
  • parasitic or free-living
43
Q

Rotifers

A
  • pseudocoelomate
  • complete digestive system
  • muscle contractions
  • corona - ring of cilia around mouth
44
Q

Annelids

A
  • coelomate
  • metameric (segmented)
  • muscular
  • setae - little bristles that extend out to anchor in place
  • closed circulatory system (1st group where blood stays inside tubing in body)
  • complete digestive system

*earthworms

45
Q

Mollusks

A
  • ventral foot, visceral mass containing major organ systems, dorsal mantle that may secrete shells
  • complete digestive system
  • open circulatory system

*clams, oysters, scallops, snails, slugs, octopus

46
Q

Nematodes

A
  • roundworms
  • thick, multi-layered cuticle
  • aquatic or soil-dwelling
  • parasitic (humans: trichinella (pork), hookworms, plants, animals: dogs - heartworm)
47
Q

Arthoropods

A
  • most common animal
  • jointed apendages
  • metameric with head, thorax, and abdomen
  • exoskeleton of chitin
  • open circulatory system
  • air piped directly to cells via tracheae
  • highly developed senses and behavior (ants and bees)

*insects, horseshoe crab, lobster, scorpion, ticks, shrimp, crabs….

48
Q

Echinoderms

A
  • deuterostomes
  • radial pentamerous symmetry (larvae - bilateral symm)
  • no head or brain
  • endoskeleton of calcified ossicles w/ spines
  • water vascular system
  • tube feet for locomotion
  • regeneration of lost parts
  • predatory creature

*starfish, sea urchin

49
Q

Chordates

A
  • deuterostomes
  • notochord - embryonic structure along backside
  • dorsal hollow nerve chord
  • posterior anal tails
  • pharyngeal slits - turn to jaw, neck area
  • endoskeleton of cartilage and bone
50
Q

Fishes

A
  • aquatic vertebrates
  • jaws
  • paired fins - stabilization, may help propel
  • swim bladders - evolved from gas-filled extensions of digestive tract, evolve into lungs) - help w buoyancy
51
Q

Amphibians

A
  • tetrapods: four-legged vertebrates adapted for terrestrial existence
  • bony skeletons
  • lungs (supplement gills)
  • some use skin as supplemental gas exchange surface
  • muscular, jointed fins - brief movement onto land or more shallow water
  • terrestrial limbs and digits
  • reproduce in water (eggs susceptible to desiccation)
52
Q

The _____________ successfully made complete transition to terrestrial habitat.

A

The Amniotes

  • amniote egg - amniotic tissue protects and amniotic fluid acts as a cushion for egg
  • tough, impermeable skin
  • excretory organs that conserve water (kidney)
  • reptiles
  • mammals
53
Q

Reptiles

A
  • scales over skin are impermeable to water which prevents easily drying out
  • internal fertilization
  • body temperature fluctuates - cold blooded (inability to regulate temp)
  • protective eggs
  • turtles, lizards, alligators, snakes
  • *Birds
54
Q

Birds

A
  • birds are reptiles with many unique derived characteristics
  • feathers (modified scales)
  • bipedalism - walk on 2 limbs
  • hollow bones
  • furcula - wish bone holds wing muscles onto body
  • three fingered hands and feet
  • backward pointing pelvis
55
Q

Mammals

A
  • mammary glands - secrete nutritive fluid for newborn
  • hair
  • 4 chambered heart
  • sweat glands
  • platapus - egg laying mammals
  • marsupials - pouch to grow newborn
  • placental - baby develops inside mother

Bio112 Exam #3 (2 decks)

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