exam 3 ORGANISM CLADES AND GROUPS Flashcards
1
Q
Characteristics of Alveolate Clade
A
- alveoli = air sacs below surface of plasma membrane
- unicellular
- apicomplexans
- dinoflagellates
- ciliates
2
Q
The Apicomlexans
A
- apical complex (complex of organelles at apex of cell, used to invade host tissues)
- exclusively parasitic
- much reduced chloroplast than in other protists (lost photosynthetic function b/c hetertrophic)
ex: plasmodium falciparum (malaria from mosquitos)
(Protistan, alveolate)
3
Q
The Dinoflagellates
A
- two flagella
- important producers in marine ecosystems
- red tide
(Protistan, alveolate)
4
Q
The Ciliates
A
- have cilia
- two types of nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus)
ex: paramecium
(Protistan, alveolate)
5
Q
The Stramenophile Clade Characteristics
A
-two flagella, with rows of tubular hairs on the longer one
- brown algae
- Diatoms
- Oomycetes
6
Q
Brown Algae
A
- fucoxanthin (a yellow-orange caratinoid) + chlorophylls a and c = brown color
- multicellular
- marine
(Protistan, stramenopile)
7
Q
The Diatoms
A
- unicellular
- carotenoids
- produce carbs and oils (responsible for 1/5 of all photosynthetic carbon fixation on earth)
- silica in cell walls
(Protistan, stramenopile)
8
Q
The Oomycetes
A
- non-photosynthetic (fungus-like)
- absorptive heterotrophs (fungus-like)
- cell walls of cellulose (NOT fungus-like)
(Protistan, stramenopile)
ex- mildews
9
Q
The Rhizaria Clade Characteristics and Groups
A
- unicellular
- aquatic
- long, thin pseudopods
- foraminiferans
- radiolarians
10
Q
Foraminiferans
A
- some produce shells out of calcium carbonate (limestone)
- long, threadlike, branched pseudopods extend thru openings in shell
(protistan, rhizaria)
11
Q
Radiolarians
A
- thin, stiff pseudopods
- marine
- radial symmetry
- glassy endoskeletons
(protistan, rhizaria)
12
Q
The Excavate Clade Characteristics and Groups
A
-loss of mitochondria in some (but have mitochondria DNA)
- diplomonads
- euglenids
13
Q
Diplomonads
A
- unicellular
- loss of mitochondria
- parasitic
(protistian, excavate)
14
Q
Euglenids
A
- unicellular
- flagella
- distinctive mitochondria - disk-like (instead of cristae they are disks, not folded)
(protistian, excavate)
15
Q
The Ameoebozoan Clade Characteristics and Groups
A
-pseudopods - extension of cytoplasm for locomotion
- loboseans
- slime molds
16
Q
Loboseans
A
- unicellular
- phagocytosis thru use of lobe-shaped pseudopod
(protistan, ameobozoan)
17
Q
Slime Molds
A
- motive
- endocytosis for feeding
- spores disseminate from fruiting bodies
- plasmodium
- multicellular
- used to be classified as fungi
(protistan, ameobozoan)
18
Q
Ancestor of plants very similar to modern day _____________
A
glaucophytes (aquatic, unicellular)
19
Q
Key Characteristics of Land Plants
A
- embryos
- chlorophylls a and b
- starch is a storage product of photosynthesis
20
Q
Appearance of land plant spores
A
470 MYA
21
Q
Appearance of plant cuticle, spore-bearing tissues
A
450 MYA
22
Q
Appearance of 20-cm tall land plants
A
400 MYA
23
Q
Nonvascular Land Plants (characteristics and groups)
A
- no fluid conducting cells
- rhizoids (non-photosynthetic tissues used for anchorage)
- poor conductors of h20 (rhi=roots)
- sporophytes dependent of gametophytes
- grow in mats
- found in cool, moist, shady areas
- liverworts
- mosses
- hornworts
24
Q
Liverworts
A
-green, flattened gametophyte
nonvascular land plant
25
Mosses
- dominant gametophyte (sporo depend on gametophyte)
- zygote in gametophyte so protected embryo
(nonvascular land plant)
26
Hornworts
- only 1 plate like chloroplast per cell
- very fat gametophyte
- 20cm max height
- similar to worlds's first land plants
(nonvascular land plant)
27
Ferns
- dominant sporophyte - reduced gametophyte, very tiny
- flagellated sperm - requires aqueous environment
- dominant vegetation during Carboniferous period (360-300 MYA)
- fossil fuels (carbon morphed into natural gas)
*SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANT
28
Vascular Seed Plants
- xylem and phloem tubing
- dominant sporophyte, very reduced gametophyte
- seeds - small package with embryo and food supply, protective wrap
- secondary growth - growing wider (wood - dead xylem tissue)
- heterosporous = 2 different types of sperm
* Gymnosperm (conifers)
* Angiosperms
29
Conifers
AKA gymnosperm (naked seed)
- no fleshy ovary to cover seeds
- conifers "cone bearers" - 700 species, earths most impressive organisms
- tallest 100m organism
- oldest around 4800 YO - bristecone pine
(Vascular Seeded Plant)
30
Adaptations of Conifers
- needle-like leaves with thick cuticles so less h20 evaporates
- evergreen - perform photosynthesis year-round
- dry, cool climates
- branches bend rather than break
- pine life cycle - megaspores (female) micropsores (male - pollen)
- first forest restorers after forest fire (fire releases seeds and have fast growth rate)
31
Angiosperm
- 1st angiosperms in late Jurassic 150 MYA
- radiation in tertiary 65 MYA
- now 80% of all plants (250,00- species)
(Vascular Seed Plant)
32
Adaptations of Angiosperms
- double fertilization: heterosporous for angiosperms ONLY
- polar nuclei - 2 in ebryo sac fuse with sperm to fertilize and make 3n triploid (called endosperm)
- 2 fertilizations
- resultant endosperm is a food source for embryo inside seed
- ovules - seeds in carpel
- flowers - primary purpose is to attract pollinators
- fruits - contain seeds or used for transport of seeds
- phloem with companion cells
- greatly reduced gametophytes
33
Zygomycota
- zygospore - unicellular stage with multiple diploid nuclei
- coenocytic hypae
- sporangiosphore - stalked, reproductive structure bearing sporangia
*FUNGI
34
Glomeromycota
- mycorrhizae- mutualisms btwn fungi and plants
- coenocytic hyphae
- asexual reproduction
- convert plant glucose to fungal sugars
*FUNGI
35
Ascomycota
- ascus - microscopic sac containing spores
- 64,000 species - 1/2 are LICHENS - mutualism w/ cyanobacteria, unicellular alga, or both
* saccharomyces, cup fungi, truffles, molds, mildews, ergot
*FUNGI
36
Basidiomycota
- basidium - pedestals containing products of meiosis
- basidioma - fruiting structures
- 30,000 species
* mushrooms, puff balls, rust, smut, bracket fungi
*FUNGI
37
What makes something an animal?
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
- internal digestion
- movement (whether internal or external)
38
Synapomorphies of Animals
- tight junctions
- desmosomes
- gap junctions
- collagen, proteglycans
39
Common ancestor of all animals was likely to be __________
choanoflagellate - a colonial flagellated protist
40
Sponges
- multicellular, loose arrangement of cells held together by spicules
- no organs or tissues, no embryonic layers
- pores, canals, chambers
- marine, freshwater
- radial or no symm.
- sessile
- individual cells can come bk together to make functional sponge
- type of sponge depends on type of spicules
41
Cnidarians
-diploblastic protostomes
-chidocytes - stinging cells with nematocytes
-GVC (gastrovascular cavity)
-tentacles
-incomplete digestive system
-aquatic
-radial symmetry with oral and aboral ends
2 body plans:
-medusa (bell shaped): jellyfish
-polyp (cylinder or tube shaped)
42
Flatworms
- acoelomate
- flatbody dorsoventrally
* first inklings of nervous systems - sense organs, cephalization
- parasitic or free-living
43
Rotifers
- pseudocoelomate
* complete digestive system
- muscle contractions
- corona - ring of cilia around mouth
44
Annelids
- coelomate
- metameric (segmented)
- muscular
- setae - little bristles that extend out to anchor in place
* closed circulatory system (1st group where blood stays inside tubing in body)
- complete digestive system
*earthworms
45
Mollusks
- ventral foot, visceral mass containing major organ systems, dorsal mantle that may secrete shells
- complete digestive system
- open circulatory system
*clams, oysters, scallops, snails, slugs, octopus
46
Nematodes
- roundworms
- thick, multi-layered cuticle
- aquatic or soil-dwelling
- parasitic (humans: trichinella (pork), hookworms, plants, animals: dogs - heartworm)
47
Arthoropods
- most common animal
- jointed apendages
- metameric with head, thorax, and abdomen
- exoskeleton of chitin
- open circulatory system
- air piped directly to cells via tracheae
- highly developed senses and behavior (ants and bees)
*insects, horseshoe crab, lobster, scorpion, ticks, shrimp, crabs....
48
Echinoderms
- deuterostomes
- radial pentamerous symmetry (larvae - bilateral symm)
- no head or brain
- endoskeleton of calcified ossicles w/ spines
- water vascular system
- tube feet for locomotion
- regeneration of lost parts
- predatory creature
*starfish, sea urchin
49
Chordates
- deuterostomes
- notochord - embryonic structure along backside
- dorsal hollow nerve chord
- posterior anal tails
- pharyngeal slits - turn to jaw, neck area
- endoskeleton of cartilage and bone
50
Fishes
- aquatic vertebrates
- jaws
- paired fins - stabilization, may help propel
- swim bladders - evolved from gas-filled extensions of digestive tract, evolve into lungs) - help w buoyancy
51
Amphibians
- tetrapods: four-legged vertebrates adapted for terrestrial existence
- bony skeletons
- lungs (supplement gills)
- some use skin as supplemental gas exchange surface
- muscular, jointed fins - brief movement onto land or more shallow water
- terrestrial limbs and digits
- reproduce in water (eggs susceptible to desiccation)
52
The _____________ successfully made complete transition to terrestrial habitat.
The Amniotes
- amniote egg - amniotic tissue protects and amniotic fluid acts as a cushion for egg
- tough, impermeable skin
- excretory organs that conserve water (kidney)
* reptiles
* mammals
53
Reptiles
- scales over skin are impermeable to water which prevents easily drying out
- internal fertilization
- body temperature fluctuates - cold blooded (inability to regulate temp)
- protective eggs
* turtles, lizards, alligators, snakes
* *Birds
54
Birds
- birds are reptiles with many unique derived characteristics
- feathers (modified scales)
- bipedalism - walk on 2 limbs
- hollow bones
- furcula - wish bone holds wing muscles onto body
- three fingered hands and feet
- backward pointing pelvis
55
Mammals
- mammary glands - secrete nutritive fluid for newborn
- hair
- 4 chambered heart
- sweat glands
* platapus - egg laying mammals
* marsupials - pouch to grow newborn
* placental - baby develops inside mother
