Exam 3 Study Guide

Question 1

In which area of the brain does the most rapid growth take place in early childhood?

Answer 1

frontal lobes

Question 2

How do children demonstrate their gross motor skills during early childhood?

Answer 2

they are proud of simple movements and become more adventurous; advances provide children with new learning opportunities to interact with objects, their environment, and people

Question 3

How do children demonstrate their fine motor skills during early childhood?

Answer 3

they become more precise with age; by age 5, the hands, arms and body all move together in coordination with the eyes, so they engage in more complex play

Question 4

What occurs during Piaget’s preoperational stage?

Answer 4

children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings; form stable concepts; begin to reason; and demonstrate egocentrism and magical beliefs

Question 5

What does “preoperational” mean?

Answer 5

children cannot yet perform operations, which are reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could only do physically

Question 6

What does the symbolic function substage comprise?

Answer 6

gaining the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present; use scribble designs to represent people, houses, cars, clouds, etc.; use language more effectively; engage in pretend play

Question 7

What is the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective?

Answer 7

egocentrism

Question 8

What is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action?

Answer 8

animism

Question 9

What occurs during the intuitive thought substage?

Answer 9

begin to use primitive reasoning (simple ideas; not very good at thinking things out)

Question 10

Why is the intuitive thought substage called “intuitive”?

Answer 10

children seem so sure about their knowledge and understanding yet are unaware of how they know what they know

Question 11

What is the awareness that altering an object or substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties?

Answer 11

lack of conservation

Question 12

What concept does failure of the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrate?

Answer 12

centration

Question 13

What is the inability to mentally reverse (failure to conserve volume, number, matter, length, and area)

Answer 13

centration

Question 14

What is Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled children?

Answer 14

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 15

What is the ZPD level of skill reached by the child working independently?

Answer 15

lower limit

Question 16

What is the ZPD level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor?

Answer 16

upper limit

Question 17

What is the use of language for self-regulation?

Answer 17

private/egocentric speech

Question 18

What refers to changing the level of support over the course of a teaching session?

Answer 18

scaffolding

Question 19

What is an umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex?

Answer 19

executive function

Question 20

What refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and those of others?

Answer 20

theory of mind

Question 21

What term refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation?

Answer 21

morphology

Question 22

What involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences?

Answer 22

syntax

Question 23

What is the appropriate use of language in different contexts?

Answer 23

pragmatics

Question 24

What was the purpose of the “wugs” experiment?

Answer 24

The words being made up the experiment demonstrate knowledge of morphological rules because they could make plurals of words they had never heard before.

Question 25

What is a child’s ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent, or meaning, after only limited exposure to the word?

Answer 25

fast mapping

Question 26

What Erikson stage characterizes early childhood?

Answer 26

initiative vs. guilt

Question 27

According to Erikson, what is the representation of self or our self-conceptions that begins to develop in early childhood?

Answer 27

self-understanding

Question 28

What plays a key role in a child’s ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others?

Answer 28

emotional regulation

Question 29

What involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people?

Answer 29

moral development

Question 30

According to Freud, what is the moral element of personality that develops when children identify with their parents and internalize their parents’ standards of right and wrong?

Answer 30

superego

Question 31

What type of parents teach their children to recognize their emotions and provide them with coping skills to regulate themselves in stressful situations?

Answer 31

emotion-coaching

Question 32

What type of parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions?

Answer 32

emotion-dismissing

Question 33

In which morality do children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties that are beyond the control of people?

Answer 33

heteronomous morality

Question 34

In which morality do children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action, they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the action’s consequences?

Answer 34

autonomous morality

Question 35

What are characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on cultural norms?

Answer 35

gender

Question 36

What are sets of expectations that prescribe how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender?

Answer 36

gender roles

Question 37

What is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be given immediately?

Answer 37

immanent justice

Question 38

What is the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games and sports?

Answer 38

practice play

Question 39

What is the behavior that allows infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes?

Answer 39

sensorimotor play

Question 40

What is the self-regulated creating of a product or solution, combining sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation?

Answer 40

constructive play

Question 41

How does short-term memory change in early childhood?

Answer 41

it increases

Question 42

Who believed that play helps the child master anxieties and conflicts?

Answer 42

Freud and Erikson

Question 43

Who believed that play advances children’s cognitive development, while their cognitive development constrains the way they play?

Answer 43

Piaget

Question 44

Who believed that symbolic and make-believe aspects of play are important for not only cognitive development but also creative thought?

Answer 44

Vygotsky

Question 45

What type of attention involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances?

Answer 45

executive attention

Question 46

What type of attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment and increases during preschool years?

Answer 46

sustained attention

Question 47

What term describes the following: when children are rewarded for moral behavior, they are likely to repeat that behavior?

Answer 47

reinforcement

Question 48

What term describes the following: when children are punished for immoral behavior, those behaviors are likely to be reduced or eliminated?

Answer 48

punishment

Question 49

What term describes the following: when models who behave morally are provided, children are likely to adopt their actions?

Answer 49

imitation

Question 50

Which approach explains the development of moral behavior with reinforcement, punishment, and imitation?

Answer 50

behavioral and social cognitive approach

Question 51

In which 3 ways does gender influence the friend groups of children during early childhood?

Answer 51

-children prefer to spend time with same-sex peers rather than opposite sex playmates
-boys tend to have larger friend groups than girls
-boys tend to engage in rougher play than girls

Question 52

Children develop _____ by picking up on what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate.

Answer 52

gender schemas

Question 53

What is the phenomenon in which most children increasingly act in ways that match their culture’s gender roles?

Answer 53

gender typing

Question 54

Which parenting style is described: restrictive, punitive style in which parents urge the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort?

Answer 54

authoritarian

Question 55

Which parenting style is described: encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?

Answer 55

authoritative

Question 56

Which parenting style is described: the parent is uninvolved in the child’s life?

Answer 56

neglectful

Question 57

Which parenting style is described: parents are highly involved with their child, but place few demands or controls on them?

Answer 57

indulgent