Exam 3 Study Guide

Question 1

Bernini, David 1623-24

Answer 1

*Although in Roman setting, still representative of a champion
*Moment of dramatic action, very baroque
*Focus on dramatic action
*Spirals into space, like a corkscrew

Question 2

Bernini, Ecstasy of St Theresa, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Cornaro Chapel, 1647-52

Answer 2

*Otherworldly presence due to light
*Architectural enclosure
*Angel about to plunge arrow into her heart, she experiences ecstasy
*Sexual implications that have made people uncomfortable ever since it was first made
*Members of Cornaro family have access to view this scene. None of them watching bc miracle is entirely internal to Theresa

Question 3

Bernini, Fountain of the Four Rivers, Piazza Navona, 1648-51

Answer 3

*Four great rivers of four great continents of the Earth
*Symbolically refers to the Earth
*Egyptian obelisk and Christian church symbol, God right over the Earth
*Church brings the light of truth to the entire globe
*Asia river with navigational tools
*Longest river in Europe
*Papal code of arms, keys of st peter, and triple tiara
*Rio de la plata between Argentina and Brasil,
Local flora and fauna for the jungle of the Americas
*Palm tree for Africa river (De Nile)
Largely unknown continent so face covered

Question 4

Bernini, Barcaccia, 1627

Answer 4

*Little boat (translation)
*Formed out of two fish
*Symbolises the church, thats overflowing with peace and harmony to the world
*Cannons are replaced with eye of fish that spill into the world ocean

Question 5

Bernini, Baldacchino, 1623-34

Answer 5

*Major feat of bronze casting
*Placed over main altar of St Peter, located directly over his grave
*Died in Rome, crucified in Rome
*Most sacred site in Christendom outside of Jerusalem
*Graves of popes, including him under the floor
*Dome designed by Michelangelo Buonarroti
*The bees in the spiraling lines represent the coat of arms of the Barbarinni family
*Serpentine columns represent the original spiraling columns that were believed to have been brought from Jerusalem

Question 6

Bernini, Cathedra Petri, 1666

Answer 6

*Symbolic throne of St Peter
*Casted in bronze
*Four church fathers who helped to establish the theological doctrine
*Symbolising the eastern and western church (Constantinople and Roman)
*Authority of the pope comes down from heaven, given by the holy spirit
*When a pope is given the papal crown, he becomes St Peter

Question 7

Bernini, Colonnade (St Peter’s Square) 1666

Answer 7

*”Arms of mother church”, they welcome believing Catholics, welcome back Protestants who are now returning to the true faith, and new converts from all over the world.

Question 8

Caravaggio’s Still Life

Answer 8

*Doesn’t have to, but can be seen in symbolic terms
*Can be seen as the very short Earthly pleasures, compared to eternal bliss in heaven

Question 9

Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew

Answer 9

*Use of tenebrism, bold use of lights and darks
*The way in which the light hits St. Matthew, which represents a spiritual light shown by Jesus
*Heaven and Earth put together to make the spiritual seem accessible
*Contemporised image, Jesus visiting contemporary world
*Always eternally relevant
*Symbolism of Christ’s gesture taken from the creation of Adam. Combines the right hand of God with Adam’s left hand. Jesus believed to be the second Adam.

Question 10

Caravaggio, The Entombment of Christ

Answer 10

*Viewer put into the grave of Christ
*Following him into spiritual death so we can be brought back spiritually by Christ
*Plank of wood would stab us if it came out all the way
*Christ gesturing into the grave
*All of the figures were taken from the streets, (regular people), to make religious doctrines and narratives understandable to ordinary people

Question 11

Caravaggio, The Crucifixion of St. Peter

Answer 11

*Tenebrism
*Composition of three men representing spiritual blindness, they are just like mules
*Don’t see what they are doing.
*Peter looking at the altar of God. Maintains faith to Christ even through martyr

Question 12

Quadro Riportato

Answer 12

Painting repositioned.
Ex: looks like a painting in the wall, but its actually a painting rotated 90 degrees on the ceiling

Question 13

Guido Reni, Aurora

Answer 13

*Classical in nature, references hours of the day
*Aurora, means dawn
*Fits into Quadro Riportato
*No Christian meeting
*Beauty is enough justification for art now

Question 14

Pozzo, Apotheosis of St. Ignatius Loyola

Answer 14

*Symbolically represents the four continents, so the globe. Kind of like the four rivers
*Catholicism is global
*Ignazio layola given the power of mass conversion by christ
*Fits into Quadratura

Question 15

Quadratura

Answer 15

Architecture extended into space, so that it looks like it transcends past the material ceilings and into the heavens

Question 16

Robert Campin, Merode Altarpiece

Answer 16

*Represents contemporised image of the annunciation to the virgin
*Angel Gabriel telling her that she is going to have Christ, which she accepts. Is immediately impregnated with Christ by the Holy Spirit
*Single lit candle represents presence of Christ, but the extinguished candle means that he is actually there (physically)

Question 17

Jan van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece

Answer 17

*Represents an image of heaven with Christ high up
*Two levels, one called “The Good Earth” (Average people that would dwell in heaven) and the other called “The Holiest” (With God, the Virgin, St John the Baptist, musical angels, and also fallen Adam and Eve)
*Also represents the Trinitarian God (God the father, The Son (As the lamb), and the Holy Spirit (The Dove)).

Question 18

Rogier van der Weyden, Deposition

Answer 18

*Naturalism
*A lot of emotion, makes you want to feel piety
*Suffering of Virgin and Jesus mirrored each other, parallelism with one another
*Christians should be aware that this is their fault

Question 19

Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights

Answer 19

*Notable for imagery
*No reference to Christ and heaven, only to evil in the world.
*Disruption of God’s perfect design because of sin
*References to lust, gluttony and other sins, which leads people to suffering in Hell

Question 20

Grunewald, Isenheim Altarpiece

Answer 20

*Made for a hospital attended by monks specialised in ergotism, a disease that rots the limbs of the person, which only cure is amputation.
*Meant to be comforting for patients, Christ understands their suffering.

Question 21

Durer, Self Portrait

Answer 21

*He makes himself Christ like, not saying he is Christ, but saying that God is creative and true artists are creative, which is what likens him to God. I can create images and ideas that have never been seen before, hence I am like a created God.

Question 22

Durer, Adam and Eve

Answer 22

*Adam and Eve based on classical prototypes
*Reference to new Adam and New Eve
*Goat= christ is the scapegoat of humanity, and becomes the sacrifice
*Four animals, elk, rabbit, cat and ox represent four humours and four fluids
Yellow Bile: Angry. Like the cat
Black Bile: Melancholic. Like the elk
Blood: Lust. Like a rabbit
Phlegm: Lazy. Like the ox
Based on ancient medical theory. Balance of this in paradise, but when thrown out of paradise, they are uncontrolled

Question 23

trompe l’oeil

Answer 23

fooling of the eye

Question 24

contemporization

Answer 24

modernisation (i think)

Question 25

Four humours

Answer 25

Yellow Bile: Angry. Like the cat
Black Bile: Melancholic. Like the elk
Blood: Lust. Like a rabbit
Phlegm: Lazy. Like the ox

Question 26

Sola fide

Answer 26

Faith alone is enough for heaven. You can’t ‘good deed’ your way to heaven

Question 27

sola scriptura

Answer 27

Christian theological doctrine held by most Protestant Christian denominations, in particular the Lutheran and Reformed traditions, that posits the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

Question 28

Protestant Reformation

Answer 28

The English Reformation took place in 16th-century England when the Church of England broke away from the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church. These events were part of the wider European Reformation, a religious and political movement that affected the practice of Christianity in Western and Central Europe.

Question 29

Counter Reformation

Answer 29

The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation at the time. It began with the Council of Trent and largely ended with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648