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Cognitive Psychology > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Define encoding

A

process of acquiring information and transferring it to LTM

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2
Q

Define retrieval

A

process of bringing info to consciousness by transferring it from LTM to WM

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3
Q

Define consolidation

A

the process of changing memories from a fragile state to a permanent state

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4
Q

What is levels of processing theory?

A

theorizes that encoding and retrieval of information depends on the depth of processing that info receives

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5
Q

Contrast shallow and deep processing.

A

shallow - processing of info involves little attention to meaning and focuses on superficial aspects like physical features
deep - processing of info that involves close attention to meaning and connections to other things

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6
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

memory for information is better if you relate it to yourself

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7
Q

What is the generation effect?

A

generating information yourself enhances learning and retention rather than receiving it yourself

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8
Q

What is the testing effect?

A

practicing retrieval results in better memory for that information

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9
Q

What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

A

experience of knowing something but unable to access it from memory

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10
Q

What is a retrieval cue?

A

stimulus that help remember other info
ex: location, smell, sound

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11
Q

What is the difference between a free recall and cued recall procedure? What typically results in better recall?

A

free recall asks participants to remember as many words as possible without help
cued recall asks participants to remember as many words but were given a retrieval cue
-results in better recall

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12
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

can retrieve info better when we’re in similar conditions as when it is encoded

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13
Q

What is context dependent learning?

A

retrieval is better when physical surroundings match the external context during encoding

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14
Q

What is state-dependent learning?

A

retrieval is better when internal state is similar to that when it was encoded

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15
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

retrieval better when cognitive processes for encoding match cognitive processes for retrieval

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16
Q

What is synaptic consolidation?

A

happens over a short timescale, occurs at the level of synapses between individual neurons

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17
Q

What is systems consolidation?

A

happens over a long timescale, basically involves transferring information from the hippocampus to the cortex

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18
Q

Why is sleep important for consolidation?

A

sleeping eliminates environmental stimuli that may disrupt consolidation

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19
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

when memory is retrieved it is fragile and must be consolidated again
-can be modified or eliminated

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20
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

typically have the most amount of autobiographical memories from 15-30 years old

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21
Q

3 Hypotheses meant to explain the reminiscence bump

A

self image hypothesis - enhanced memory for events that formed self identity
cognitive hypothesis - encoding better for rapid change, followed by stability
cultural life script hypothesis - personal events easier to recall when they fit cultural lifescript

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22
Q

What is the area of the brain most closely associated w/ emotional aspects of memory?

A

amygdala

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23
Q

Why is memory considered constructive?

A
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24
Q

What is source monitoring?

A

problem of determining the origins of memories, knowledge, and beliefs

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25
Q

What is a source monitoring error? (source misattribution)

A

misunderstanding of where source of a memory is from

26
Q

What do the results of Bartlett’s “War of the Ghosts” experiment suggest about how recall changes over time?

A

recall accuracy declined overtime, recall was shaped by cultural knowledge. native american aspects were changed for details from 1930s english culture.
-memory comes from multiple sources

27
Q

What is nostalgia?

A

memory involving sentimental longing for the past
May serve as a self-regulation mechanism

28
Q

Why are memories elicited by stimuli like music and taste called involuntary memories?

A

brings back memories that you do not intentionally recall, they are cued by sensory stimulation

29
Q

What is conceptual knowledge?

A

knowledge that allows us to recognize things/events and make inferences about their properties

30
Q

What are concepts and categories?

A

concepts - mental representations of individual or class of items
category - includes all possible examples of a concept

31
Q

Describe the prototype approach to categorization.

A

membership into category is determined by comparing it to a “typical” member of a category
high prototypicality means a category member closely resembles category prototype

32
Q

What is the typicality effect?

A

ability to verify highly prototypical objects quickly

33
Q

What is the exemplar approach to categorization? How does it differ from the prototype approach?

A

membership determined by whether an object is similar to actual members of categories that they have seen in the past
prototype approach compares to avg. member, not necessarily real

34
Q

Which approach to categorization better describes how we categorize things?

A

depends on learning stage:
initial learning - prototype
gain more knowledge of a category - exemplar
depends of category stage:
small categories - exemplar
large categories - prototypes

35
Q

Semantic Network Model
(what is cognitive economy and inheritance)

A

model represents categorization as nodes (concepts) connected by links (relationships among concepts)
maintains cognitive economy by having shared properties stored at higher nodes
inheritance - properties at higher levels apply to all connected low level items

36
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

when node is activated, activity spreads out along related links and primes other nodes

37
Q

What is the traditional model of cognition?

A

cognition is separate from perceptual and motor systems

38
Q

What is embodied cognition?

A

cognition is largely grounded in perceptual and motor systems

39
Q

Define reasoning

A

process by which we come to a conclusion

40
Q

Define conclusion

A

judgement reached via reasoning process

41
Q

Define decision

A

involves choosing among alternatives

42
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

starting at general principles to reach specific conclusions

43
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

start from a specific observation to reach general conclusion

44
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

seek out and give more value to info that conforms to personal beliefs while ignoring info that goes against it

45
Q

What is myside bias?

A

type of confirmation bias where people evaluate evidence in a way that bias their existing opinions and attitudes

46
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

involves estimating likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which they come to mind

47
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

involves judging likelihood of individual instances being part of a larger category based on its similarity to characteristics we normally associate with that category
- shy librarian v. truck driver

48
Q

What is the conjunction fallacy?

A

probability of 2 event occurring together cannot be higher than probability of each alone

49
Q

What is a syllogism?

A

consist of 2 premises followed by a conclusion

50
Q

What is a categorical syllogisms?

A

premises that start with all, no, or some

51
Q

What is a conditional syllogisms?

A

start with a premise of the form If… then and then a statement

52
Q

What is a valid conclusion?

A

where conclusion logically flows from the premises

53
Q

What is a true conclusion?

A

syllogism’s conclusion is true

54
Q

What is the Wason card problem?

A

E K 4 7, people have difficulty solving abstract problem because of confirmation bias and fail to perform the falsification principle, but can solve easily when related to real life situation

55
Q

Define risk aversion. Describe asymmetry between losses v. gains.

A

tendency to avoid taking risks, tend to avoid risks in our favor because we anticipate feeling more worse for a loss than positive for a win

56
Q

How do our expected emotions in response to gains/losses compare to our actual emotions?

A

Expected negative was very large and expected positive was very small, in reality both are same size +-

57
Q

What is the status quo bias?

A

tendency to do nothing and stick with the default option when faced with a decision

58
Q

What is the framing effect? Understand example Tversky & Kahneman

A

decisions influenced by how choices are stated
Option A - save 200
Option B - 1/3 probability save everyone
70%+ chose option A
Option C - 400 people die
Option D - 1/3 probability no one will die
70%+ chose option D
when proposed as gains we chose risk aversion, when proposed as losses we have risk taking strategy

59
Q

What is the ultimatum game?

A

Game where a proposer has $10 and they decide how to split it between 2 people, receiver can choose whether to accept or reject and nobody gets money. goes against utility theory because people start to reject offers of $3 or less. people are more likely to accept unfair offer from computer

60
Q

What are the characteristics of System 1? What is it useful for?

A

automatic, fast, intuitive system. useful for making decisions quickly and navigating daily life

61
Q

What are the characteristics of System 2? What is it useful for?

A

slower, deliberative, thoughtful system. good for problem solving

62
Q

What’s the value of having 2 different systems of reasoning?

A

Reduces cognitive load by using automatic processing most of the time, and allows us to focus cognitive energy on problem solving when we need slower thinking

Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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