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Genetics > Exam 3 Study > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Flashcards

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1
Q

Transmission Genetics

A

Genetic processes that occur within individuals and how genes are passed from one individual to another

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2
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

Molecular structure of heredity, DNA and how biochemical process of the cell transfer genes to phenotype

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3
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

transmission of traits in large groups of individuals, where traits are simultaneously determined by many genes

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4
Q

Population Genetics

A

Transmission of traits in large groups of individuals, where traits are determined at one or a few genetic loci.
Studies the changes in genetic patterns of populations.

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5
Q

Neo-Darwinian Synthesis

A

The fusion of Mendel’s laws of inheritance with Darwin’s evolution was done by Ronald Fisher, Sewall Wright, and J. B. S. haldane.

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6
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals (usually large) that occur in the same place and are of the same species.

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7
Q

Gene Pool

A

The genes shared by individuals in a population. Some alleles may be very common, but others are quite rare.

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8
Q

Frequency

A

A proportion (genotype or alleles) that always ranges between 0 and 1

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9
Q

Genotype Frequency

A

Simply count the number of individuals with a given genotype and divide by total number of individuals with a given genotype and divide by total number of individuals

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10
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random Fluctuations in the frequencies of alleles or haplotypes, often leading to some alleles being fixed (100% frequency)
Its a form of nonadaptive evolution, and it a consequence of chance

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11
Q

Brachydactyly

A

Genetic defect causing shortening of the fingers, and is a dominant trait.

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12
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A
  1. Mating is random
  2. The population is infinitely large, genetic drift is not likely
  3. No gene flow or migration
  4. Mutation does not occur
  5. All individuals have equal probabilities of survival and reproduction
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13
Q

Symbols for Allele frequency

A

f(A) dominant allele = p

f(a) recessive allele = q

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14
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Formula

A

1 = p^2 + 2pq + q^2

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15
Q

Concealed genetic Variation

A

when homozygous recessive alleles are very rare, almost all of the carriers are heterozygous.

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16
Q

if HW assumptions are met, then…

A

Allele Frequencies will not change
Genotype frequencies will stabilize after one generation
Subsequent generations will remain at HW equilibrium

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17
Q

Allopatric Distribution

A

Populations that DO NOT overtlap, and are often separated by a distance

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18
Q

Sympatric Distribution

A

Populations that DO overlap each other

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19
Q

Parapatric Distribution

A

Populations that do not overlap but are just ADJACENT to each other (not separated by distance)

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20
Q

Hybrid Zone

A

A region in which genetically distinct parapatric populations (odten species) interbreed.

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21
Q

Cline

A

A gradual change in a character or allele frequencies over a geographic distance - often indicative of adaptive geopgraphic variation

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22
Q

Violation of HW: Mutation

A

A mutation from A to a is a forward mutation- mutation rate is u
A mutation from a to A is a reverse mutation- mutation rate is v

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23
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

when a species goes through an event that suddenly and significantly reduces its population

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24
Q

Founder Effect

A

A special type of bottleneck in which a small # of individuals establishes a new population.

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25
Q

Coalescence

A

Concept that all gene copies in a population are derived from a common ancestor.
The smaller the pop. the less time required for coalescence.

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26
Q

Deme

A

Small independent populations of a species

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27
Q

Metapopulation

A

Several proximate demes

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28
Q

Random Walk

A

Equally likely consecutive changes that result in fixation or loss of an allele

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29
Q

Census Size (Absolute Population Size)

A

Actual number of adults in a population

30
Q

Effective population size (Ne)

A

Number of individuals in an ideal population in which the rate of genetic drift would be the same as it is in the actual population.

31
Q

Inbreeding Depression

A

The reduction of fitness resulting from an increase in deleterious homozygous recessive alleles in inbred individuals.

32
Q

Genetic Rescue

A

Introduction of new genes to inbred population

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles involved in cellular respiration, which converts biochemical energy from nutrients to ATP

34
Q

ATP

A

is a moleucle of stored energy that can be used for several crucial cellular processes

35
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The electron transport chain system of the mitochondria trasnport ions to the intermembranal space, creating a gradient

36
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation (Krebs Cycle)

A

Also makes ATP through a series of chemical reactions in the matrix of mitochondria

37
Q

mtDNA

A

Can be used to trace familial relationships in humans

38
Q

If sperm don’t have mitochondria (most of the time), where do they get the energy to swim to the egg?

A

the “midpiece” section of the sperm contains huge numbers of mitochondria (or one large one in some species) that provide ATP for the tail, or flagellum

39
Q

Maternal Inheritance

A

Genotype of mom is what is important

Mitochondria are in the egg and none of the mitochondria come from Dad

40
Q

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

A

A species is a population or a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

41
Q

Prezygotic Isolation

A

prevents the fertilization of eggs.

Impedes mating or hinder fertilization if mating does not occur

42
Q

Postzygotic Isolation

A

Prevents the formation of fertile offspring

43
Q

What processes drive speciation?

A
  1. Genetic Drift and/or mutation
  2. Natural selection
  3. Polyploidy and hybridization
44
Q

Evolution

A

All species have descended over time from one or a few common ancestors through the process of natural selection

45
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

The evolution of genetic reproductive barriers between populations that are geographically seperated by a physical barrier

46
Q

Clades

A

Diverged 3 to 4 million years ago when sea level was higher, creating a barrier to gene flow

47
Q

Monophyletic group

A

a group which contains all the descendants of a common ancestor

48
Q

paraphyletic group

A

consists of the group’s last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few

49
Q

polyphyletic group

A

set of organisms, or other evolving elements, that have been grouped together based on characteristics that do not imply that they share a common ancestor

50
Q

Homology

A

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.

51
Q

Homoplasy

A

A character state that has independently evolved two or more times, or similarity is NOT from common ancestry

52
Q

Autapomorphy

A

derived character state present in a single lineage

53
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

Ancestral character state (e.g, gelatinous eggs)

54
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A homologous character state that supports the monophyly of a group through common ancestry.

55
Q

Maximum Parsimony

A

all mutations are equally likely

56
Q

Long-branch attraction:

A

Species with many autapomorphies will be chosen as sister groups, when in reality they are not

57
Q

FOXP2 Gene in Hominids

A

Found in neaderthals, suggests they could talk to some degree

58
Q

Ways to reduce Effective Population size:

A
  1. Variation in the offspring produced by females,
    males, or both
  2. A sex ratio that differs from 1:1
  3. Natural selection increases variation in offspring
    of certain phenotypes
  4. If generations overlap, probability of inbreeding
    increases
  5. Fluctuations in population size, especially when
    population sizes are small
59
Q

Identical by descent

A

Two copies of the allele are descended from the same copy in a common ancestor.

60
Q

identical by state

A

Copies of the allele are identical, but are descended from two different copies in ancestors

61
Q

(FST) fixation index measures…

A

variation in a locus for two alleles among populations

62
Q

Descent with modification

A

genetic changes in a population over time

63
Q

Which dictator seized power as a dictator in a coup, and ended up stealing billions of
dollars from the international community?

A

Mobutu

64
Q

Who allied with Uganda and Rwanda to fight the Hutu, and marched to the capital to become president? This person also restored the Congo name

A

Laurent Kabila

65
Q

Which leader was elected to prime minister in 1960, and was assassinated by the CIA after
he sought an alliance with the Soviet Union

A

Patrice Lumumba

66
Q

Who led the Global Amphibian assessment, with experts from 60 countries

A

Simon Stuart

67
Q

Who were the writers of Neo-darwinian synthesis?

A

Fisher, Wright, and Haldane

68
Q

Peripatric Speciation

A

Speciation in which new species evolve in a sub-population that colonized a new habitat or niche within the same geographical area of the ancestral species, and experience genetic drift.

69
Q

parapatric speciation

A

when new species evolve in contiguous, yet spatially segregated habitats. Due to reduced gene flow.

two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation from one another while continuing to exchange genes

70
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

speciation process when two groups of identical species lived in identical geographical areas, they evolve in such a way that they could no longer interbreed. At that point, they are considered to be different species.

Genetics (3 decks)

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