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NURS 350 > Exam 3 - structure, function, & disorders of the integument > Flashcards

Exam 3 - structure, function, & disorders of the integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the skin from superficial to deep?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
  4. dermal appendages (nails, hair, sebaceous glands, eccrine and apocrine sweat glands)
  5. blood supply (papillary capillaries)
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2
Q

What are examples of primary lesions?

A

macule, papule, patch, plaque, wheal, nodule, tumor, vesicle, bulla, pustule, cyst, telangiectasia

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3
Q

What are examples of secondary lesions?

A

scale, lichenification, keloid, scar, excoriation, fissure, erosion, ulcer, atrophy

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4
Q

What are pressure ulcers a result of?

A

any unrelieved pressure on the skin, causing underlying tissue damage

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5
Q

What are 4 causes of pressure ulcers?

A
  1. pressure
  2. shearing forces
  3. friction
  4. moisture
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6
Q

What is the primary goal of pressure ulcers?

A

prevention

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7
Q

What are 4 preventative techniques for pressure ulcers:

A
  1. Frequent skin assessment
  2. Repositioning
  3. Pressure reduction, removal, and distribution
  4. Elimination of moisture
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8
Q

What is stage 1 pressure ulcer:

A

nonblanchable erythema of intact skin

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9
Q

what is stage 2 pressure ulcer:

A

partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis or dermis

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10
Q

what is stage 3 pressure ulcer:

A

full-thickness skin loss involving damage or loss of subcutaneous tissue

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11
Q

what is stage 4 pressure ulcer:

A

full-thickness skin loss with exposure of muscle, bone, or supporting structures

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12
Q

What is characteristic of suspected deep tissue injury?

A

discolored intact or blister

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13
Q

what is unstageable pressure ulcer:

A

full thickness loss, ulcer base covered by slough/eschar

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14
Q

What are keloids?

A

elevated, rounded, and firm scars

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15
Q

describe keloids:

A

claw-like margins that extend beyond the original site of injury

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16
Q

what are hypertrophic scars?

A

Elevated erythematous fibrous lesions that do not extend beyond the border of injury

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17
Q

What are both keloids and hypertrophic scars caused by?

A

excessive collagen formation during dermal connective tissue repair

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18
Q

What are the 2 most common inflammatory disorders of the skin?

A
  1. eczema

2. dermatitis

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19
Q

What are inflammatory disorders characterized by?

A
  1. pruritus
  2. lesions with indistinct borders
  3. epidermal changes
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20
Q

What is the cause of allergic contact dermatitis?

A

caused by T-cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity

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21
Q

What are the manifestations of allergic contact dermatitis?

A
  1. erythema
  2. swelling
  3. pruritus
  4. vesicular lesions
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22
Q

Where does stasis dermatitis occur?

A

In the legs as a result of venous stasis and edema

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23
Q

define seborrheic dermatitis

A

chronic inflammation of the skin involving the scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, ear canals, nasolabial folds, axilla, chest, and back

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24
Q

What does seborrheic dermatitis cause in infants?

A

cradle cap

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25
What does seborrheic dermatitis look like?
scaly, white, or yellowish plaques
26
define psoriasis
chronic, relapsing, proliferative, inflammatory skin disroder
27
What causes psoriasis?
complex interactions between macrophages, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T-helper, and regulatory T cells
28
Cells do not have time to do what with psoriasis?
do not have time to mature or adequately keratinize
29
psoriasis is characterized by what kind of appearance?
silvery
30
define acne vulgaris
inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicles
31
define acne rosacea
inflammation of the skin that develops in adulthood
32
What is acne rosacea associated with
chronic, inappropriate vasodilation resulting in flushing and sensitivity to the sun
33
define lupus erythematous
systemic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease with cutaneous manifestations
34
define folliculitis
infection of hair follicle
35
define furuncles
inflammation of hair follicles
36
define carbuncles
collection of infected hair follicles
37
define cellulitis
infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
38
define erysipelas
acute superficial infection of the upper dermis
39
define impetigo
superficial lesion of the skin caused by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus or β-hemolytic streptococci
40
How is HSV (herpes simplex virus) transmitted?
by contact with infected saliva
41
What is HSV-1 associated with?
oral infections or infection of the cornea, mouth, and oralabia
42
What does lesions for HSV-1 appear as?
a rash or clusters of inflamed and painful vesicles
43
What are most commonly caused by HSV-2
genital infections
44
What is herpes zoster?
shingles
45
what is herpes varicella?
chickenpox
46
where does the virus for herpes zoster and varicella remain?
latent in original and dorsal root ganglia
47
define warts
benign lesions caused by the human papillomavirus
48
common warts are most common in who?
children
49
Common warts are most commonly found where?
fingers
50
Where are plantar warts most commonly found?
on pressure points on bottom of feet
51
define dermatophytes
fungi causing superficial skin lesions
52
define mycoses
fungal disorders
53
define tinea
mycoses caused by dermatophytes
54
define tinea capitis
scalp
55
define tinea manus
hand
56
define tinea pedis
athlete's foot
57
define tinea corporis
ringworm
58
define tinea cruris
groin, jock itch
59
define tinea unguium
nails
60
What is candidiasis caused by?
candida albicans
61
Where is candidasis mostly found
on the skin, mucous membranes, in the GI tract, and in the vagina
62
What can candida albicans change from?
a commensal organism to a pathogen
63
define urticaria
circumscribed area of raised erythema and edema of the superficial dermis
64
what is urticaria associated with?
type 1 hypersensitivity reactions to allergens
65
Release of what in urticaria causes endothelial cells cells of the skin to contract?
histamine
66
What does contraction of endothelial cells cause?
causes leakage of fluid from the vessels
67
What is a multisystem inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by Ixodes tick bites?
lyme disease
68
What are the 3 stages that occur with the symptoms of lyme disease?
1. localized infection 2. disseminated infection 3. late persistent infection
69
What is the most common cancer in the world?
basal cell carcinoma
70
what are characteristics of basal cell carcinoma?
Grows slowly, often ulcerates, develop crusts, and is firm to the touch
71
What is a tumor of the epidermis
squamous cell carcinoma
72
what is the second most common human cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma
73
true or false: squamous cell carcinoma can be in situ or invasive, but they rarely invade surrounding tissue
true
74
define cutaneous melanoma:
malignant tumor of the skin originating from leanocytes
75
what is the most serious skin cancer?
cutaneous melanoma
76
define kaposi sarcoma:
vascular malignancy associated with immunodeficiency
77
What is kaposi sarcoma associated with?
human herpesivurs-8
78
What does kaposi sarcoma look like?
pruritic, painful, purplish-brown lesions
79
define alopecia
loss of hair from the head or body
80
define androgenic alopecia
localized hair loss occurring in 80% of men
81
define female-pattern alopecia
progressive thinning and loss of hair over the central part of the scalp
82
As we age what does the skin become?
thinner, drier, wrinkled, with changes in pigmentation
83
What is there a shortening an decrease in number as we age?
capillary loops
84
What are there fewer of as far as 2 cell types?
melanocytes and langerhans cells
85
Which 3 glands atrophy as we get older?
1. sebaceous 2. eccrine 3. apocrine glands

NURS 350 (6 decks)

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