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Concepts in medical science > Exam 3: RNA Viruses > Flashcards

Exam 3: RNA Viruses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in the US, infection occurs as a yearly epidemic affecting all ages (usually occurs between November and April)

A

influenza virus

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2
Q

pandemics involve much of the world and are caused by the emergence of a new

A

influenza A virus to which no one has immunity

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3
Q

how many types of influenza virus are there

A

3 - a, b, c

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4
Q

type c influenza virus results in

A

small amount of minor respiratory illnesses

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5
Q

influenza a and b owe their virulence to

A

glycoprotein spikes within the envelope, named hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)

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6
Q

influenza a subtypes are named after their

A

glycoprotein spikes (e.g. H1N1)

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7
Q

15 different subtypes; most important virulence factor; binds to host cells

A

Hemagglutinin (H) (influenza glycoproteins)

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8
Q

9 subtypes – hydrolyzes respiratory mucus and assists VIRAL BUDDING and release

A

neuraminidase (N) (influenza glycoproteins)

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9
Q

antigenic drift occurs in

A

influenza a and b

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10
Q

minor antigenic change within the H or N due to an accumulation of point mutations

A

antigenic drift

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11
Q

decreases ability of host memory cells to recognize them; responsible for EPIDEMICS

A

antigenic drifts

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12
Q

occurs only in A

A

antigenic shift

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13
Q

MAJOR antigenic change within the H or N, resulting in a new subtype – one of the gene or RNA strands is substituted with a gene or strand from another influenza virus from a different animal host

A

antigenic shift

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14
Q

responsible for worldwide pandemics

A

antigenic shift

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15
Q

transmission of influenza

A

mainly via inhalation of aerosols and droplets, but fomites can also harbor the virus

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16
Q

influenza is what type of virus

A

rna

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17
Q

influenza binds to and multiplies in ____ ____ of the respiratory mucosa

A

ciliated cells (will be a question)

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18
Q

causes rapid shedding of cells, stripping of the respiatory epithelium, leading to severe inflammation

A

influenza

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19
Q

what is the most common complication of influenza?

A

secondary bacterial pneumonias usually caused by strep pneumo and staph aureus

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20
Q

fever, headache, myalgias, sore throat, SOB, coughing (fever of at least 102) (during influenza time all you need to dx is fever and cough)

A

influenza

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21
Q

what is the test of choice to diagnose influenza

A

PCR `

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22
Q

vaccines for influenza are available to

A

ages 6 mo and up

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23
Q

rare complication of influenza vaccination and influenza A infection – ASCENDING WEAKNESS, DEMYELINATION

A

Guillan-Barre syndrome

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24
Q

rare disease that causes fatty degeneration of brain, liver, and kidney; cerebral edema; noted with the use of aspirin in children during and even after infection with influenza

A

reye syndrome

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25
Q

parainfluenza virus and mumps virus caused by

A

paramyxoviruses

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26
Q

paramyxoviruses transmitted by

A

respiratory droplets

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27
Q

paramyxovirus envelope has

A

glycoprotein spikes that initiate attachment to host cells similar to the influenza virus but also has FUSION SPIKES (F) that are unique

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28
Q

fusion spikes

A

paramyxoviruses

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29
Q

fusions spikes initate the

A

fusion of infected cells withh neighboring cells

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30
Q

widespread as influenza but more benign

A

parainfluenza

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31
Q

parainfluenza virus transmission

A

respiratoy

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32
Q

most common cause of crouopo in children

A

parainfluenza virus

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33
Q

croup is the infection of the larynx and UR structures that produce inflammation and airway narrowing – causes inspiratoy stridor, tachypnea, and a BARKING SEAL-LIKE COUGH

A

parainfluenza

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34
Q

mumps are transmitted via

A

salivary and respiratory secretions

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35
Q

incubation 2-3 weeks, then fever, muscle pain and malaise, followed by clasic painful sweeling of one or more of the salivary glands

A

mumps

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36
Q

which gland is usually affected by mumps

A

parotid

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37
Q

orchitis and epididymitis (usually painful, unilateral) ,oophoritis, pancreatitis

A

complications ofmumps

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38
Q

most common cause of pancreatitis in children

A

mumps

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39
Q

dx of mumps

A

serology (DFA, ELISA)

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40
Q

prevention of mumps

A

live attenuated vacciene MMRI

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41
Q

caused by morbillivirus

A

measles (Rubeola)

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42
Q

german measles –>

A

rubella

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43
Q

measles (Rubeola) is very ___ and is transmitted

A

contagious; transmitted by respiratory droplets

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44
Q

Three C’s of measles (Rubeola)

A

cough (dry), conjunctivitis, coryza (runny nose)

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45
Q

Measles (Rubeola) invades the

A

respiratory tract

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46
Q

koplik’s spots (pathognomic) appear 1-2 days before a characteristic rash

A

measles (rubeola)

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47
Q

white intraoral lesions on an erythematous base “grains of salt”

A

measles (rubeola)

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48
Q

erythematous, macupapular, blotchy rash appears first on the head, then progresses to trunk and extremities

A

measles (Rubeola)

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49
Q

complications of measles (Rubeola)

A

otitis media, blindness, penumonia, croup, diarrhea

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50
Q

msot serious complication of measles (Rubeola) is

A

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

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51
Q

progressive neurological degenetation of the cerebral cortex, white matter and brain tem; involves a defective virus spreading through the brani by cell fusion and destroying the neurons

A

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

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52
Q

measles synonyms

A

rubeola, red measles

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53
Q

etiology of measles

A

paramyxovius

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54
Q

primary patient of measles

A

hild

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55
Q

main complications of measles

A

sspe, pneumonia

56
Q

koplik’s spots associated with

A

measles

57
Q

synonyms for german measles

A

rubella, 3-day measles

58
Q

etiology of german measles

A

togavirus

59
Q

prmiary patients of german measles (Rubella)

A

child/fetus

60
Q

main complication of german measles

A

congenital defects

61
Q

RSV

A

respiratory syncytial virus

62
Q

infects upper respiratory tract and produces giant multinucleated cells

A

RSV

63
Q

RSV aka

A

pneumovirus

64
Q

when do RSV outbreaks peak

A

winter and early spring

65
Q

most prevalent cause of respiratory infection in children 6 mo or younger

A

rsv

66
Q

enters via the epithelia of nose or eye, and replicates in nasopharynx

A

rsv

67
Q

sx: fever that last for 3 days, rhinitis, pharyngitis; then cough, wheezing, tachypnea, and dyspnea when virus invades the bronchial tree – causing bronchiolitis

A

rsv

68
Q

rabies belongs to which family

A

rhabdovirus

69
Q

bullet-shaped virions resonsible for 50,000 deaths each year worldwide

A

rabies

70
Q

slow, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by a fatal meningoencephalitis

A

rabies

71
Q

reservoirs racoons, bats

A

rabies

72
Q

virus enters through the bite, grows at trauma site for a week, then enters nerve endings and advances towards the ganglia, spinal cord and brain – replicates in the brain then spreads to eyes, heart, skin, and oral cavity – shed in saliva

A

rabies

73
Q

the greater the proximity to the brain, the shorter the incubation time

A

rabies

74
Q

phases of rabies

A

prodromal, furious, dumb

75
Q

fever, nausea, vomiting, ha, fatigue; some experience persistent pain, burning, parasthesias at site of wound

A

prodromal phase of rabies

76
Q

agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching; spasms in the neck and pharyngeal muscles upon swallowing lead to hydrophobia

A

furious phase of rabies

77
Q

paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous

A

dumb phase of rabies

78
Q

how is rabies often diagnosed

A

at autopsy

79
Q

pathognomonic collection of virions in the cytoplasm of brain cells called Negri bodies

A

rabies

80
Q

acquired through blood contact – blood transfusions, needle sharing by drug abusers; sexual transmission is rare

A

hepatitis c

81
Q

hepatitis c is a

A

flavivirus

82
Q

is there a vaccine against hepatitis c

A

no

83
Q

rubella is caused by

A

rubibirus, a togavirus

84
Q

rubella aka

A

german measles

85
Q

seemingly mild febrile disease until it was discovered that is had TERATOGENIC EFFECTS

A

rubella

86
Q

rubella transmitted via

A

contact with respiratory secretions

87
Q

virus multiplies in the respiratory epithelium, infiltrates local lymphoid tissue, and enters bloodstream

A

rubella

88
Q

rubella is most reported in

A

adolescents and young adults in military

89
Q

what is the greatest concern regarding rubella

A

non-immunized pregnant women contracting rubella and passing the virus through the placenta to the fetus

90
Q

sx: children: few or no cosntitutional symptoms, adults may have 1-5 day prodromal period, low grade fever, mild coryza, ha, conjunctivitis, malaise, polyarthritis; lymphadenopathy (post-auricular, occipital & post cervical) –> precedes rash by 5-10 days; rash: fine, pink, maculopapular

A

rubella

91
Q

what is the most characteristic clinical feature of rubella

A

lymphadenopathy in post-auricular, occipital, and psot cervical

92
Q

where does rubella rash begin

A

face at the HAIRLINE –> trunk –> extremities

93
Q

how long does rubella rash last

A

2-3 days

94
Q

day 1 of rash of rubella

A

forscheimer spots

95
Q

early fetal infection – greatest risk; early intra-uterine death; spontaneous AB; congenital rubella syndrome –> malformation of major organ systems including deafness and glaucoma

A

pregnancy complications of rubella

96
Q

viruses that spread by arthropod vectors

A

arboviruses

97
Q

as the brain, meninges, and spinal cord are involved, symptoms progress to include stiff neck, lethargy, and mental status changes

A

viral encephalitis

98
Q

most common arboviral disease in the US

A

west nile

99
Q

vector of west nile

A

mosquitos

100
Q

most common reservoir of west nile

A

birds

101
Q

disease manifestations are age dependent

A

west nile

102
Q

acute febrile syndrome and mild neurologic symptoms are common in the young

A

west nile

103
Q

aseptic meningitis (NOT BACTERIAL IN THIS CONTEXT)

A

middle aged west nile virus manifestation

104
Q

frank encephalopathy is common in the

A

elderly – west nile virus

105
Q

notorious for causing an acute infection of the spinal cord that can result in NEUROMUSCULAR, FLACCID PARALYSIS (acute poliomyelitis)

A

poliovirus (enterovirus)

106
Q

transmission of polio

A

fecal-orate

107
Q

where does the poliovirus grow

A

gets ingested and grows in oropharynx and intestine

108
Q

most infections aremild but if viremia persists, virus spreads to spinal cord and brain and affects the motor neurons

A

poliovirus (enterovirus)

109
Q

where is poliovirus endemic to

A

afghanistan, pakistan, syria, nigeria

110
Q

where does the poliovirus actively get shed

A

the intestine

111
Q

prevention of poliovirus

A

inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) salk vaccine

112
Q

most common non-polio enterovirus

A

coxsackieviruses a and b

113
Q

when is coxsackieviruses a and b have high incidence rates

A

summer and fall

114
Q

transmission of coxsackieviruses a and b

A

person to person via fecal-orate route; also indirectly via fomites

115
Q

causes a characteristic rash in combination with fever and URI symptoms – hand foot mouth disease

A

coxsackie A

116
Q

has the potential to spread to and damage multiple oragns, including the heart – causes myocarditis and pericarditis (one of the most common viral causes of both)

A

coxsackie B

117
Q

hepatitis a virus

A

enterovirus

118
Q

cause of infectious/acute hepatitis

A

hepatitis a caused by enterovirus

119
Q

t/f hepatitis a is related to hep b and c

A

false – target the same liver cells just as they do though

120
Q

transmission of hep a

A

fecal-oral

121
Q

where does hep a multiply

A

small intestine and enters blood is carried to the liver

122
Q

associated with fecally contaminated food or water

A

hep a

123
Q

is hep a carried chronically

A

no

124
Q

inactivated vaccine for hep a

A

HAVRAX

125
Q

what causes the common cold

A

rhinovirus

126
Q

why can’t they make a vaccine against rhinovirus

A

surface antigens are too numerous and complex

127
Q

what is the best prevention against human rhinovirus

A

handwashing and care in handling nasal secretions

128
Q

norovirus (Norwalk virus) transmission

A

fecal-oral route

129
Q

is norovirus resistant?

A

yes – alcohol doesn’t kill is

130
Q

believed to cause over 90% of all viral gastroenteristis cases in US during cold weather

A

norovirus

131
Q

associated with cruise ships

A

norovirus

132
Q

acute onset, n/v/d, cramps, chills

A

norovirus

133
Q

norovirus usually has a rapid and complete recovery within

A

72 horus

134
Q

causes 50% of cases of diarrhea in infants worldwide and death of over 600,000 children

A

rotavirus

135
Q

outbreaks common in daycare settings; diarrhea

A

rotavirus

136
Q

prevention against rotavirus

A

vaccine for infants

137
Q

spoked wheel morphology

A

rotavirus

Concepts in medical science (7 decks)

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