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Concepts in medical science > Exam 3: RNA Viruses > Flashcards

Exam 3: RNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

in the US, infection occurs as a yearly epidemic affecting all ages (usually occurs between November and April)

A

influenza virus

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2
Q

pandemics involve much of the world and are caused by the emergence of a new

A

influenza A virus to which no one has immunity

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3
Q

how many types of influenza virus are there

A

3 - a, b, c

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4
Q

type c influenza virus results in

A

small amount of minor respiratory illnesses

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5
Q

influenza a and b owe their virulence to

A

glycoprotein spikes within the envelope, named hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)

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6
Q

influenza a subtypes are named after their

A

glycoprotein spikes (e.g. H1N1)

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7
Q

15 different subtypes; most important virulence factor; binds to host cells

A

Hemagglutinin (H) (influenza glycoproteins)

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8
Q

9 subtypes – hydrolyzes respiratory mucus and assists VIRAL BUDDING and release

A

neuraminidase (N) (influenza glycoproteins)

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9
Q

antigenic drift occurs in

A

influenza a and b

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10
Q

minor antigenic change within the H or N due to an accumulation of point mutations

A

antigenic drift

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11
Q

decreases ability of host memory cells to recognize them; responsible for EPIDEMICS

A

antigenic drifts

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12
Q

occurs only in A

A

antigenic shift

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13
Q

MAJOR antigenic change within the H or N, resulting in a new subtype – one of the gene or RNA strands is substituted with a gene or strand from another influenza virus from a different animal host

A

antigenic shift

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14
Q

responsible for worldwide pandemics

A

antigenic shift

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15
Q

transmission of influenza

A

mainly via inhalation of aerosols and droplets, but fomites can also harbor the virus

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16
Q

influenza is what type of virus

A

rna

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17
Q

influenza binds to and multiplies in ____ ____ of the respiratory mucosa

A

ciliated cells (will be a question)

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18
Q

causes rapid shedding of cells, stripping of the respiatory epithelium, leading to severe inflammation

A

influenza

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19
Q

what is the most common complication of influenza?

A

secondary bacterial pneumonias usually caused by strep pneumo and staph aureus

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20
Q

fever, headache, myalgias, sore throat, SOB, coughing (fever of at least 102) (during influenza time all you need to dx is fever and cough)

A

influenza

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21
Q

what is the test of choice to diagnose influenza

A

PCR `

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22
Q

vaccines for influenza are available to

A

ages 6 mo and up

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23
Q

rare complication of influenza vaccination and influenza A infection – ASCENDING WEAKNESS, DEMYELINATION

A

Guillan-Barre syndrome

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24
Q

rare disease that causes fatty degeneration of brain, liver, and kidney; cerebral edema; noted with the use of aspirin in children during and even after infection with influenza

A

reye syndrome

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25
parainfluenza virus and mumps virus caused by
paramyxoviruses
26
paramyxoviruses transmitted by
respiratory droplets
27
paramyxovirus envelope has
glycoprotein spikes that initiate attachment to host cells similar to the influenza virus but also has FUSION SPIKES (F) that are unique
28
fusion spikes
paramyxoviruses
29
fusions spikes initate the
fusion of infected cells withh neighboring cells
30
widespread as influenza but more benign
parainfluenza
31
parainfluenza virus transmission
respiratoy
32
most common cause of crouopo in children
parainfluenza virus
33
croup is the infection of the larynx and UR structures that produce inflammation and airway narrowing -- causes inspiratoy stridor, tachypnea, and a BARKING SEAL-LIKE COUGH
parainfluenza
34
mumps are transmitted via
salivary and respiratory secretions
35
incubation 2-3 weeks, then fever, muscle pain and malaise, followed by clasic painful sweeling of one or more of the salivary glands
mumps
36
which gland is usually affected by mumps
parotid
37
orchitis and epididymitis (usually painful, unilateral) ,oophoritis, pancreatitis
complications ofmumps
38
most common cause of pancreatitis in children
mumps
39
dx of mumps
serology (DFA, ELISA)
40
prevention of mumps
live attenuated vacciene MMRI
41
caused by morbillivirus
measles (Rubeola)
42
german measles -->
rubella
43
measles (Rubeola) is very ___ and is transmitted
contagious; transmitted by respiratory droplets
44
Three C's of measles (Rubeola)
cough (dry), conjunctivitis, coryza (runny nose)
45
Measles (Rubeola) invades the
respiratory tract
46
koplik's spots (pathognomic) appear 1-2 days before a characteristic rash
measles (rubeola)
47
white intraoral lesions on an erythematous base "grains of salt"
measles (rubeola)
48
erythematous, macupapular, blotchy rash appears first on the head, then progresses to trunk and extremities
measles (Rubeola)
49
complications of measles (Rubeola)
otitis media, blindness, penumonia, croup, diarrhea
50
msot serious complication of measles (Rubeola) is
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
51
progressive neurological degenetation of the cerebral cortex, white matter and brain tem; involves a defective virus spreading through the brani by cell fusion and destroying the neurons
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
52
measles synonyms
rubeola, red measles
53
etiology of measles
paramyxovius
54
primary patient of measles
hild
55
main complications of measles
sspe, pneumonia
56
koplik's spots associated with
measles
57
synonyms for german measles
rubella, 3-day measles
58
etiology of german measles
togavirus
59
prmiary patients of german measles (Rubella)
child/fetus
60
main complication of german measles
congenital defects
61
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus
62
infects upper respiratory tract and produces giant multinucleated cells
RSV
63
RSV aka
pneumovirus
64
when do RSV outbreaks peak
winter and early spring
65
most prevalent cause of respiratory infection in children 6 mo or younger
rsv
66
enters via the epithelia of nose or eye, and replicates in nasopharynx
rsv
67
sx: fever that last for 3 days, rhinitis, pharyngitis; then cough, wheezing, tachypnea, and dyspnea when virus invades the bronchial tree -- causing bronchiolitis
rsv
68
rabies belongs to which family
rhabdovirus
69
bullet-shaped virions resonsible for 50,000 deaths each year worldwide
rabies
70
slow, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by a fatal meningoencephalitis
rabies
71
reservoirs racoons, bats
rabies
72
virus enters through the bite, grows at trauma site for a week, then enters nerve endings and advances towards the ganglia, spinal cord and brain -- replicates in the brain then spreads to eyes, heart, skin, and oral cavity -- shed in saliva
rabies
73
the greater the proximity to the brain, the shorter the incubation time
rabies
74
phases of rabies
prodromal, furious, dumb
75
fever, nausea, vomiting, ha, fatigue; some experience persistent pain, burning, parasthesias at site of wound
prodromal phase of rabies
76
agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching; spasms in the neck and pharyngeal muscles upon swallowing lead to hydrophobia
furious phase of rabies
77
paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous
dumb phase of rabies
78
how is rabies often diagnosed
at autopsy
79
pathognomonic collection of virions in the cytoplasm of brain cells called Negri bodies
rabies
80
acquired through blood contact -- blood transfusions, needle sharing by drug abusers; sexual transmission is rare
hepatitis c
81
hepatitis c is a
flavivirus
82
is there a vaccine against hepatitis c
no
83
rubella is caused by
rubibirus, a togavirus
84
rubella aka
german measles
85
seemingly mild febrile disease until it was discovered that is had TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
rubella
86
rubella transmitted via
contact with respiratory secretions
87
virus multiplies in the respiratory epithelium, infiltrates local lymphoid tissue, and enters bloodstream
rubella
88
rubella is most reported in
adolescents and young adults in military
89
what is the greatest concern regarding rubella
non-immunized pregnant women contracting rubella and passing the virus through the placenta to the fetus
90
sx: children: few or no cosntitutional symptoms, adults may have 1-5 day prodromal period, low grade fever, mild coryza, ha, conjunctivitis, malaise, polyarthritis; lymphadenopathy (post-auricular, occipital & post cervical) --> precedes rash by 5-10 days; rash: fine, pink, maculopapular
rubella
91
what is the most characteristic clinical feature of rubella
lymphadenopathy in post-auricular, occipital, and psot cervical
92
where does rubella rash begin
face at the HAIRLINE --> trunk --> extremities
93
how long does rubella rash last
2-3 days
94
day 1 of rash of rubella
forscheimer spots
95
early fetal infection -- greatest risk; early intra-uterine death; spontaneous AB; congenital rubella syndrome --> malformation of major organ systems including deafness and glaucoma
pregnancy complications of rubella
96
viruses that spread by arthropod vectors
arboviruses
97
as the brain, meninges, and spinal cord are involved, symptoms progress to include stiff neck, lethargy, and mental status changes
viral encephalitis
98
most common arboviral disease in the US
west nile
99
vector of west nile
mosquitos
100
most common reservoir of west nile
birds
101
disease manifestations are age dependent
west nile
102
acute febrile syndrome and mild neurologic symptoms are common in the young
west nile
103
aseptic meningitis (NOT BACTERIAL IN THIS CONTEXT)
middle aged west nile virus manifestation
104
frank encephalopathy is common in the
elderly -- west nile virus
105
notorious for causing an acute infection of the spinal cord that can result in NEUROMUSCULAR, FLACCID PARALYSIS (acute poliomyelitis)
poliovirus (enterovirus)
106
transmission of polio
fecal-orate
107
where does the poliovirus grow
gets ingested and grows in oropharynx and intestine
108
most infections aremild but if viremia persists, virus spreads to spinal cord and brain and affects the motor neurons
poliovirus (enterovirus)
109
where is poliovirus endemic to
afghanistan, pakistan, syria, nigeria
110
where does the poliovirus actively get shed
the intestine
111
prevention of poliovirus
inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) salk vaccine
112
most common non-polio enterovirus
coxsackieviruses a and b
113
when is coxsackieviruses a and b have high incidence rates
summer and fall
114
transmission of coxsackieviruses a and b
person to person via fecal-orate route; also indirectly via fomites
115
causes a characteristic rash in combination with fever and URI symptoms -- hand foot mouth disease
coxsackie A
116
has the potential to spread to and damage multiple oragns, including the heart -- causes myocarditis and pericarditis (one of the most common viral causes of both)
coxsackie B
117
hepatitis a virus
enterovirus
118
cause of infectious/acute hepatitis
hepatitis a caused by enterovirus
119
t/f hepatitis a is related to hep b and c
false -- target the same liver cells just as they do though
120
transmission of hep a
fecal-oral
121
where does hep a multiply
small intestine and enters blood is carried to the liver
122
associated with fecally contaminated food or water
hep a
123
is hep a carried chronically
no
124
inactivated vaccine for hep a
HAVRAX
125
what causes the common cold
rhinovirus
126
why can't they make a vaccine against rhinovirus
surface antigens are too numerous and complex
127
what is the best prevention against human rhinovirus
handwashing and care in handling nasal secretions
128
norovirus (Norwalk virus) transmission
fecal-oral route
129
is norovirus resistant?
yes -- alcohol doesn't kill is
130
believed to cause over 90% of all viral gastroenteristis cases in US during cold weather
norovirus
131
associated with cruise ships
norovirus
132
acute onset, n/v/d, cramps, chills
norovirus
133
norovirus usually has a rapid and complete recovery within
72 horus
134
causes 50% of cases of diarrhea in infants worldwide and death of over 600,000 children
rotavirus
135
outbreaks common in daycare settings; diarrhea
rotavirus
136
prevention against rotavirus
vaccine for infants
137
spoked wheel morphology
rotavirus

Concepts in medical science (7 decks)

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