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Concepts in medical science > Exam 3: DNA Viruses > Flashcards

Exam 3: DNA Viruses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

virus undergoes multiple rounds of replication which result in death of host cell which is used as “factory” for virus production/replication –> immune response eventually “wins” –> viral clearance

A

acute infection

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2
Q

influenza and rhinovirus are examples of what type of infections

A

acute

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3
Q

after acute infection, instead of host cell lysis, virus enters a dormant phase inside host cells; it is inactive; usually not detectable; BUT CAN REACTIVATE AND REULT IN RECURRENT INFXN

A

latent

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4
Q

hsv-1 and hsv-2 are examples of what type of infection

A

latent

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5
Q

following acute infection, some viruses are able to be released from infected host cells without death of host cell or even overt cellular injury –> low level of virus is produced with little or no damage to target tissue (virus is detectable in tissue samples, mulitplying at a slow rate; symptoms mild or absent until eventually immune system is overwhelmed)

A

chronic

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6
Q

hiv, hep b and hep c are examples of what types of infections

A

chronic

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7
Q

some viruses carry an oncogene and incorporate it into human DNA when the virus infects the cells

A

oncogenic

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8
Q

some can turn on a human oncogene when the virus infect the cell; some have the ability to stimulate unlimited cell growth

A

oncogenic

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9
Q

examples of oncogenic viruses

A

ebv-burkitt’s lymphoma, HPV-cervical cancer, hep b-hepatic carcinoma

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10
Q

several viruses can cross the placenta causing permanent congenital defects

A

teratogenic

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11
Q

examples of teratogenic viruses

A

rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV)

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12
Q

portal of entry for molluscipoxvirus

A

direct skin to skin contact and fomites

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13
Q

how can moluscipoxvirus be spread?

A

by itching

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14
Q

molluscipoxvirus fill the

A

cytoplasm of infected epithelial cells causing the molluscum body

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15
Q

what type of infection is molluscipoxvirus?

A

chronic

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16
Q

produce eruptive skin pustule called pocks or pox, that leaves SCARS upon healing (POCKMARKS)

A

Molluscipoxvirus

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17
Q

molluscipoxvirus causes

A

molluscum contagiosum

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18
Q

largest and most complex of the animal viruses

A

molluscipoxvirus

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19
Q

chronic infection of the SKIN; AXILLAE AND TRUNK most commonly infected

A

molluscipoxvirus – molluscum contagiosum

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20
Q

manifests as FLESH COLORED, DOME SHAPED PAPULES WITH CENTRAL UMBILICATION OR INDENTATION (UMBILICATED CENTER!!)

A

mollluscum contagiosum

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21
Q

common disease in childhood but in adults is commonly an STD appearing on the thighs and genital areas

A

molluscum contagosum

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22
Q

when it is a sexually acquired infection, the skin eruption takes the form of small WAXY PAPULES in the genital region

A

molluscum contagiosum

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23
Q

molluscum contagiosum can become giatn molluscum in what pts

A

in hiv/aids pts – the virus forms tumor-like growths that can become widespread

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24
Q

multiply in the cytoplasm in the “factory” areas on the host cell, and appear as inclusion bodies

A

molluscum contagiosum

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25
Q

hsv 1 and 2 portal of entry

A

direct exposure for secretions containing the virus

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26
Q

what are the most significant source of transmission of hsv 1 and hsv 2

A

active lesions

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27
Q

t/f genital herpes can be transmitted in the absence of lesions

A

true

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28
Q

hsv 1 and 2 infect what type of cells?

A

mucoepithelial cells than moves to sensory ganglia

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29
Q

HSV1 enters the

A

trigeminal ganglia

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30
Q

when various provocative stimuli cause HSV 1 to reactivate, it migrates back to the skin surface by the

A

mandibular, maxillary, or ophthalmic branch

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31
Q

HSV 2 enters the

A

dorsal root or sacral ganglia

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32
Q

herpes virus types of infection

A

latency

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33
Q

herpes viral DNA enters into the nucleus

A

of the host where it becomes an extrachromosal particle

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34
Q

multinucleated giant cells

A

hsv 1 hsv 2

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35
Q

multinucleated giant cells from hsv 1 or hsv2 can be seen from a direct smear called

A

Tzanck smear prepared from the base of a lesion

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36
Q

usually causes facial, optic, or oropharyngeal lesions

A

hsv 1

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37
Q

herpes labialis

A

hsv 1

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38
Q

when does the hsv 1 primary infection occur?

A

early childhood (97% have antibodies to it bc of a cold sore as kid)

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39
Q

fever blisters, cold sores that itch and tingle prior to a veiscle forming and lesion crusting over

A

herpes labialis

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40
Q

tender, itchy papules erupt on the perioral region and progress to vesicles that burst, drain, and scab over –> THEY ARE HIGHLY INFECTIOUS

A

herpes labialis

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41
Q

common first episode or primary HSV 1 infection of oropharynx in children

A

herpetic gingivostomatitis

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42
Q

painful vesicular lesions of gums, tongue, soft palate, buccal mucosa with fever and malaise; SEVERE MOUTH PAIN

A

herpetic gingivostomatitis

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43
Q

tx of herpetic gingivostomatitis

A

magic mouth

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44
Q

severe sore throat, lymphadenopathy, pharyngeal edema, painful oropharyngeal vesicular lesions

A

herpetic gingivostomatitis

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45
Q

ocular herpes

A

herpetic keratitis

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46
Q

gritty feeling in the eye, blurry vision, sharp pain, sensitivity to light, and discharge; characteristic dendritic lesions on exam; can lead to blindness

A

herpetic keratitis

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47
Q

usual cause of lesions on the genitalia

A

hsv 2

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48
Q

is one of the most common viral stds in the us

A

hsv 2

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49
Q

what does hsv 2 cause

A

genital herpes – herpes genitalia

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50
Q

starts with malaise, fever, and tender inguinal lyphadenopathy –> then clusters of sensitive, PAINFUL, vesicles form on the genitalia or perineum; also associated with dysuria and pruritis; vesicles will ulcerate before healing

A

genital herpes – herpes genitalia

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51
Q

recurrent bouts of herpes genitalia often caused by

A

menstruation, stress, and concurrent bacterial infection

52
Q

bw: grouped vesicles on erythematour base

A

hsv 2 - genital herpes

53
Q

vesicles start out separated, but become confluent and ulcerate into painful red erosision so tender that inspect is difficult

A

genital herpes – herpes genitalia

54
Q

which type of herpes causes herpes of the newborn

A

HSV 1 AND HSV 2

55
Q

infection of herpes of the mouth, skin, eyes in neonate and fetus has what percentage neonate

A

30%

56
Q

infection of cns by herpes in baby

A

80% mortality rate

57
Q

HSV 1 or HSV2 can penetrate a break in the skin and cause a localized infection; usually on one finger; gradually heal over 2-3 weeks without therapy

A

herpetic whitlow

58
Q

rare complication of hsv1 infection but most common sporadic form of viral encephalitis in the US

A

HSV1 encephalitis

59
Q

what causes chicken pox (varicella)

A

varicella-zoster virus

60
Q

what is the primary infection of varicella zoster virus

A

chicken pox - variecella

61
Q

incubation period of chicken pox (varicella)

A

10-20 days then fever and rash develops

62
Q

rash progresses from macules to itchy vesicles and spreads all over the body (MACULAR –> POPULAR –> VESICLE)

A

chicken pox (varicella)

63
Q

chicken pox (varicella) enters the

A

sensory ganglia or dorsal root ganglia and then remains latent until event triggers reactivation

64
Q

vaccine of chicken pox

A

live, attenuated vaccine

65
Q

bw: dew drop on a rose petal

A

chicken pox (varicella)

66
Q

virus travels back down the sensory nerve to the skin –> vesicles are localized to distinctive dermatome

A

shingles (herpes zoster)

67
Q

pain the same area often precedes the appearance of vesicles by about 48 hours (prodromal pain)

A

shingles (herpes zoster)

68
Q

vaccine for shingles

A

shringritz

69
Q

acute pain & redness, followed by a vesicular papular rash that does not cross the midline

A

shingles (herpes zoster)

70
Q

how is the varicella-zoster virus transmitted

A

respiratory droplets and contact with fluid from lesions

71
Q

when are people with the varicella zoster virus most infectious

A

1-2 days prior to development of the rash

72
Q

produce giant cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions called “owl’s eyes”

A

cytomegalovirus

73
Q

how is cmv transmitted

A

saliva, respiratory mucus, milk, urine, semen, cervical secretions and feces

74
Q

many infections are asymptomatic but ____ mononucleosis-type syndrome can occur in adults; characterized by fever and lymphocytosis

A

CMV

75
Q

CMV has 3 groups that develop a more virulent form of disease

A

fetuses, newborns, immunodeficient adults

76
Q

newborns may exhibit enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice, capillary bleeding, microcephaly, and ocular inflammation –> death can occur in a few days to a few weeks –> babies who survive develop neurological sequelae; hearing, visual disturbances and mental retardation

A

CMV

77
Q

HHV-4

A

epstein barr virus

78
Q

infects lymphoid tissue and salivary glands

A

EBV

79
Q

EBV transmission

A

direct oral contact and contamination with saliva

80
Q

what is responisble for infectious mononucleosis?

A

epstein-barr virus

81
Q

sore throat, high fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, white exudate; up to 50 day incubation but many causes asymptomatic

A

Infectious mono caused by EBV

82
Q

what is suspected as a trigger for MS

A

infectious mono

83
Q

dx of infectious mono

A

different blood count shows lymphocytosis, neutropenia and LARGE ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTES

84
Q

large atypical lymphocytes

A

infectious mono

85
Q

burkitt lymphoma caused by

A

EBV

86
Q

burkitt lymphoma

A

b cell malignancy

87
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma caused by

A

EBV

88
Q

malignancy of epithelial cells

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

89
Q

Human herpes virus 6 transmission

A

close contact

90
Q

what causes roseola infantum

A

human herpes virus 6

91
Q

acute febrile disease common in fants and oddlers under 2 years (the most common febrile disease in young babies)

A

roseola infantum

92
Q

begins with high fever (103 to 104) for 3-4 days; as fever resolves a pink MACULOPAPULAR RASH appears on the trunk adn extremities

A

roseola infantum

93
Q

what is a major cause of infantile febrile seizures

A

roseola infantum caused by HHV-6

94
Q

immunocomporomised individuals who get HHV-6 are at significant risk for

A

encephalitis, pneumonitis

95
Q

an inflammatory disease of liver cells that may result from several viruses; interferes with liver’s excretion of bile pigments, bilirubin accumulates in blood and itssues causing jaundice

A

hepatitis

96
Q

what group is hepatitis b in

A

hepadnaviruses

97
Q

is hepatisi b an enveloped or nonenveloped dna virus

A

enveloped

98
Q

hep b has a tropism for

A

the liver

99
Q

multiplies exclusively in the liver, which continously seeds blood with viruses

A

hep b

100
Q

minute amounts can transmit infection

A

hep b

101
Q

50% of cases in U.S. are sexually transmitted

A

hepatitis b

102
Q

t/f hep b can become a chronic

A

true

103
Q

chronic phase vignette of hep b

A

jaundice, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver failure

104
Q

virus enters through break in skin or mucous membrane or by injection into bloodstream –> reaches liver cells, multiplies, releases viruses into blood; average 7 week incubation–> most exhibit few overt symptoms or experience malaise, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea lasting a few days to a few weeks –> 10% develop chronic infection and can lead to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma

A

hepatitis b

105
Q

passive immunization for hep b

A

HBIG for persons exposed or possibly exposed (including neonates born to infected mothers)

106
Q

primary prevention of hep b

A

vaccination

107
Q

adenovirus is___ _____

A

non-enveloped

108
Q

how many types of adenoviruses are associated with human disease?

A

30

109
Q

what causes the common cold (URI)

A

adenovirus

110
Q

infects lymphoid tissue, respiratory and intestinal epithelia and conjunctiva

A

adenovirus

111
Q

adenovirus is spread by

A

respiratory and ocular secretions

112
Q

URIs, conjunctivitis, keratoconjuncitivitis, gastroenteritis, pharyngitis (late winter/early spring)

A

adenovirus

113
Q

adenovirus vaccine

A

only for military personnel

114
Q

HPV is caused by

A

papovavirus

115
Q

benign, squamous epithelial growth, wart or verruca

A

papilloma

116
Q

common warts on fingers & skin

A

HPV

117
Q

plantar warts on soles of feet

A

HPV

118
Q

genitla warts – prevalent STD

A

HPV

119
Q

lesions are SKIN COLORED OR PINK and cauliflower appearance

A

human papillomavirus – condylomata acuminata

120
Q

most common viral std in the us

A

HPV

121
Q

HPV transmission

A

direct contact or contaminated fomites

122
Q

what types of hpv account for 90% of genital warts?

A

6 and 11

123
Q

how many hpv types increase the risk for developing reproductive CA

A

9

124
Q

HPV types __ and __ are the most commonly isolated in patients with cervical cancer

A

16, 18

125
Q

infection leads to cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear enlargement –> abnormal cells are called KOILOCYTES – they are pathognomic for

A

HPV

Concepts in medical science (7 decks)

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