Exam 3 - Revised Flashcards
Main ingredients in opium
codeine, morphine, and thebaine
Correct order of potency (potent to most potent)
codeine, morphine, heroin, fentanyl
Appropriate use for Lithium
Bipolar
Heroin was originally used for?
Coughing
An appropriate use for disulfram (Antabuse) is
Alcohol abuse
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) is a
Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
Stimulants and opiates…(Pupil size)
Stimulants increase pupil size and opiates decrease puil size
Which of the following is not a major producer of opium?
United States
The generic chemical name for Imodium is
Loperamide
Opiates can be used to treat
All of the above
An appropriate use for SSRIs is
All of the anove
Which of the following has the longest duration of effect?
Buprenorphine
An appropriate medical use for clozapine (Clozaril) is
Schizophrenia
Medication to treat schizophrenia targets which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Moclobemide (Manerix) is a
MAO inhibitor
An appropriate use for lorazepam (Ativan) is
Acute Anxiety
Appropriate use for lisdexafetamine (Vyvanse) is
ADHD
An appropriate medical use for carbamazepine (Tegretol) is
Bipolar
Which of the following is not a typical side effect of SSRIs?
Loss of appetite
Roughly what percentage of North American adults have taken a prescription drug in the last month?
50%
What psychoactive ingredient is found in willow bark?
Aspirin
Opioids differ form each other in
All of the above
The main difference between opioids and opiates is that?
Opioids are synthetic and opiates are natural
The proper chemical name for aspirin is
Acetlsalicilic Acid
WHich of the following medications is effective for anorexia?
None of the above
Opiate and opioid OD is caused by
Respiratory failure
The main psychoactive drug in opium is
Morphine
An appropriate medical use for SSRIs is
All of the above
If someone with ADHD was intolerant to amphetamines and methylphenidate (ritalin), the next best thing would be?
Bupropion
Suboxone is
Buprenorphine combined with naloxone
Which drug would you give for an opioid OD
Naloxone
An acute manic episode is best treated with
Antipsychotics
Which of the following is not an opiate?
Codeine
Medication to treat schizophrenia usually targets which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Opium is derived from
Poppy Plants
Opiates mimic which neurotransmitters?
Endorphins
The increase in drug use in Canada in the past 30 years is primarily due to increased use of
Antidepressants
Which of the following is false (Benadryl)
Benadryl is an amphetamine
Which of the following is false? (Caffeine)
Caffeine works just as well as amphetamines for treatment of ADHD
Which of the following is false (stimulant medication)
Stimulant medication reliably improves the academic performance in ADHD children
Which of the following is false (mental health medication Europe)
Use of mental health medication is higher in Europe compared to North America
Which of the following is false? (Antipsychotics)
Zolpidem (Ambien) is an antipsychotic
Which of the following is false (Stimulant medication and behaviour)
Stimulant medication does not improve on-task behaviour with majority of children with ADHD
Which of the following is false? (Neurotransmitters)
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are used for Bipolar disorder
Which of the following is false (Phenotiazines)
Phenotiazines cause an increase in emotionality
Which of the following is false (Melatonin)
Melatonin is inneffective for insomnia
Which of the following is false concerning opiates/ opioids? - Lipid Solubility
Highly lipid-soluble
Which is false concerning peripherally acting analgesics?
Aspirin is derived from poplar trees
Which of the following is false concerning peripherally acting analgesics?
Aspirin prevents diabetes
Which of the following is false concerning opiates and opioids?
Laudanum is opium combined with cocaine
Which peripherally acting analgesic for pain should you take in the following situations a: a child with gastrointestinal problems and b: an adult with cardiovascular problems
A: Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
B: Aspirin or Naproxen
Identify an appropriate pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment for panic disorder
- Pharmaceutical: SSRIs, SNRIs, Tricyclics, Benzodiazepines
- Non-Pharmaceutical: Desensitization, Relaxation training, Cognitive restructuring
Identify 2 modern medicinal uses for opaites and/ or opioids
- Pain
- Coughing
- Diarrhea
- Anesthesia
- Treatment of addictions
How do amphetamines work in treating ADHD?
Stimualte reward centre of brain making things more intrinsically interesting
Why do psychotropic medications increase the chronicity of mental health problems?
Cause down-regulation of nautrally occuring neurotransmitters, so difficult to withdraw from the drug
Identify 1) Medication that successfully treats alcohol addiction 2) a drug substitution treatment for alcohol addiction
1- Naltrexone, acamprosate, topiramate, disulfram (antabuse)
2- Benzodiazepines
What accounts for signifcant increase in people taking prescription medications in Canada?
- Family physicans being main health practitioners
- Patients looking for ‘quick fix’
- Wide range of mental health conditions that can be treated
- Anxiety, depression, mania, schizophrenia, ADHD, autism, bulimia, dementia, sexual disorders, drug abuse
- Relatively mid short-term side affects
Name 4 most common peripherally acting analgesics
- Aspirin
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
- Naproxen (Aleve)
- Diclofenac (Voltarin)
How do amphetamines work in treating ADHD?
Stimulate reward centre of the brain making things more intrinsically rewarding
Identify an appropriate pharmaceutcial and non-pharmaceutical treatment for treating OCD
- Pharmaceuticals: SSRIs, clomipramine
- Desensitization with response prevention, cognitive restructuring
Explain how exercise produces an elevated mood
- Reduces cortisol
- Increased blood flow to the brain
- Elevates endorphines, endocannabinoids, and BDNF
Identify an appropriate pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment for children with ADHD
- Pharmaceutical: Methylphenidate, Amphetamines, Bupropion, EmpowerPlus, Omega 3 fatty acids
- Non-Pharmaceutical: Behaviour modification programs, more engaging individualized interactive classrooms, exercise
Identify an appropriate pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment for insomnia
- Pharmaceutical: Melatonin, antihistamines, nonbenzodiazepine, cannabis
- Non-Pharmaceutical: Regular sleep schedule, no daytime naps, no caffeine after supper, exercise during the day, meditation, minimize bright light at night and maximize in the morning, using bed only for sleep and getting out of bed when not sleepy
Identify and appropriate pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment for generalized anxiety
- Pharmaceutical: Buspirone (buspar), antidepressants, pregabalin (lyrica), Gabapentin (neuroontin), abecarnil, bretazenil
- Non-Pharmaceutical: Cognitive restructuring, exercise, meditation, relaxation training, perhaps omega-3 fatty acids
Indicate some long-term effects of opioid use
- Profound tolerance and strong dependence
- If it is illegally sourced, it can lead to crime
- Constipation, indigestion, nausea
- Increased risk of sexual dysfunction, fatigue, depression, sleep apnea, neuropsychological deficits, and increased sensitivity to pain
Neurobiological Mechanism of Peripherally Acting Analgesics
Inhibit enzymes related to production of prostaglandins (lipids having hormone-like effects), which mediate pain, inflammation, and fever
Neurochemical Mechanism of Phenothiazines
Reduces dopaminergic activity in 3 principal dopmainergic systems (limbic pituitary, and basal ganglia) by blocking D2 dopamine receptors. Also causes downstream effect of RAS depression and a decrease in the release of Ach
Neurochemical Mechanism of Lithium
Decreases neural responsiveness of NE and/or dopamine and/or serotonin neurons by allowing lithium ions to substitute for sodium ions during an action potential
Neurochemical Mechanism of Opiates
Mimicks endogenous opiates (endorphins, dysnorphins, and enkelphalines), which inhibits neurotransmission; in spinal cord to inhibit substance P release; in VTA inhibits GABA neurons thus disinhibiting dopaminergic neurons and increasing dopamine input in nucleus accumbens
Neurochemical Mechanism of Methylphenidate
Dopamine reuptake inhibtor and very weak norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Increase activity of the reward system and prefrontal cortex
Neurochemical Mechanism of Amphetamines
Increase release of dopamine and norepinephrine inhibiting reuptake
Neurochemical Mechanism of Benzodiazepines