Exam 3 Review Questions Flashcards
The morphology of specific muscles within the limb bud is determined by which of the following factors?
Surrounding connective tissue
BMPs
Apical Ectodermal ridge
Noggin
Surrounding Connective Tissue
Pre-muscles in the developing limb bud are derived from which of the following sources?
Lateral plate mesoderm
Somitic dermatomes
Somiti myotomes
Neural crest
Somiti Myotomes
Which of the following represents the principal function of the AER?
Stimulating outgrowth of the limb bud
Setting up the AP axis of the limb bud
Determining the specific characteristics of the ectodermal appendages of the limb
Determining the pattern of neural outgrowth of the limb
Stimulating outgrowth of the limb bud
If the limb disc of a salamander embryo is rotated 180 degrees, so that both the AP and the DV axes are reversed, which of the following would be observed?
The resulting limb would be completely normal with no reversal of axes.
The AP axis of the resulting limb would be reversed but not the DV axis
The DV axis of the resulting limb would be reversed but not the AP axis
Both the AP and the DV axes of the resulting limb would be reversed
The AP axis of the resulting limb would be reversed but not the DV axis
Numerous experiments have shown that retinoic acid is capable of inducing the formation of the posterior limb in vertebrates. Retinoic acid is not the actual morphogen but is capable of activating which of the following genes, which is thought to express the actual morphogen?
Sonic Hedgehog
Wnt-7 gene
Pax-3 gene
Noggin gene
Sonic Hedgehog
Pattern formation along the proximodistal axis of the limb bud is primarily determined by which of the following?
Paxa gene
Hoxd gene
Retinoic acid
Sonic Hedgehog
HoxD Gene
The presence of webbing between the toes of wading birds such as ducks and the presence of webbed fingers (syndactyly) is most likely associated with which of the following?
Overexpression of Noggin
Oligohydramnios
Reduced apoptotic activity
Amniocentesis
Reduced apoptotic activity
Which of the following experiments carried out on salamander embryos illustrates that the developing limb is a highly regulative system?
Split limb primordium into two halves and prevent them from fusing
Juxtapose two equivalent halves of a limb primordium
Remove part of a limb primordium
All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following factors functions as the initial initiator of future hindlimb development?
Hoxd
Tbx4
Shh
Gli3
Tbx4- Note that Tbx5 is for the future forelimb
In limb development, the attraction of the outgrowing nerves to peripheral organs seems to be unspecific to a very high degree. Connections between a nerve and the end organ can be made only if the two correspond to each other. These assumptions are based on which of the following experiments?
An eye was transplanted to the side of a salamander embryo after the forelimb rudiment was removed.
A salamander forelimb bud was removed and replaced by a hindlimb bud.
A salamander limb rudiment was transplanted to the flank (side) of a host salamander.
An obstacle (ex. Piece of mica) was placed between the spinal cord and the region where the hindlimb rudiment was to develop in a salamander embryo.
An eye was transplanted to the side of a salamander embryo after the forelimb rudiment was removed.
During limb development, pre-muscle cells in the somite express c-met, which is the receptor for which of the following?
Pax-3
N-cadherin
Tcf-4
Scatter Factor
Scatter Factor
In the formation of limb joints, which of the following signal molecules is responsible for inhibiting BMP in the region of the future joint cavity?
Shh
Noggin
Wnt-1
Eng-1
Noggin
Which of the following occurs when an additional limb bud is transplanted into the immediate vicinity of the host forelimb of a salamander embryo?
Neither limb bud will be supplied by any branches of the brachial plexus.
The brachial nerves will develop branches running out to the additional limb and will supply it.
The transplanted limb bud will be supplied by local nerves that would normally supply flank muscles.
Local brachial plexus nerves deviate from the normal limb bud and supply only the transplanted limb bud.
The brachial nerves will develop branches running out to the additional limb and will supply it.
The formation of clubfoot (talipes equinovarus) is associated with which of the following?
A misplaced ZPA Defective cellular migration from somites Thalidomide Oligohydramnios A neural crest defect
Oligohydramnios
Which of the following is observed when the forelimb rudiment of a salamander embryo is removed so that the limb fails to develop?
The associated spinal ganglia increases to more than 150% of their normal size.
Local nerves are not affected.
The nerves of the brachial plexus remain smaller (thinner) than they would have been if the limb were still there.
Nerves of the future brachial plexus undergo apoptosis
The nerves of the brachial plexus remain smaller (thinner) than they would have been if the limb were still there.
Which of the following are NOT derived from neural crest cells?
Postganglionic autonomic neurons
Autonomic ganglia
Sensory neuron cell bodies
Motor neuron cell bodies
Motor neuron cell bodies
Trunk Neural Crest cells utilize three migratory pathways. The earliest (first) emigrating cells follow which of the following pathways?
Ventral Path
Cranial neural crest cells from the region of the rhombomeres 6 and 7 are involved in the establishment which of the following structures?
Pharyngeal Arch 3
Neural crest cells that give rise to the leaflets of the semilunar valves, thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands, and the septa that divide the conus arteriosus into the aortic and pulmonary arteries arise from which of the following?
Cardiac neural crest
Which of the following neurocristopathies is characterized by pigmentation defects, white strip in the hair, deafness, and cleft palate among others?
Waardenburg Syndrome
A low concentration of which of the following factors results in placode formation, while a high concentration of the same factor results in the formation of the neural plate.
BMP
Which of the following factors is referred to as the “master gene of eye development” in Drosophila and in human eye development is necessary to induce the formation of the lens placode?
Pax-6
In the development of the retina, the nasal temporal (anterior-posterior) axis is fixed first (before the dorsoventral axis). This axis is established, in part, by gradients composed of which of the following?
Ephrins
Except for the pharyngeal arch musculature, the rest of the pharyngeal arch mesenchyme is derived from which of the following source?
Neural Crest
Except for the first pharyngeal pouch, patterning of the pharyngeal arch endoderm is heavily based on exposure to which of the following factors?
Retinoic Acid
Which of the following develops from the cartilaginous portion of the second pharyngeal arch?
Stapes
The palate forms during which of the following time periods?
6-10 weeks of development
Tendons of limb muscles arise from the lateral plate mesoderm. Limb muscles arise from which of the following sources?
Dorsal lip of myotome
Ventral buds of myotomes
Ventrolateral dermatomes
Paraxial somitomeres
Ventrolateral dermatomes
Which of these cell and tissue types arises from cranial, but not trunk, neural crest cells?
Sensory ganglia Adrenal medulla Melanocytes Schwann Cells None of these answers
None of these answers
Which of the following is a poor substrate for migrating neural crest cells?
Laminin Chondroitin sulfate Fibronectin Type IV Collagen Hyaluronic Acid
Chondroitin sulfate
Neural crest cells arise from which of the following?
Somite Dorsal non-neural ectoderm Neural plate Splanchnic mesoderm Yolk sac mesoderm
Neural plate
A 65 month old infant exhibits multiple congenital defects, including a cleft palate, deafness, ocular hypertelorism, and a white forelock but otherwise dark hair on his head. Which of the following represents the probable diagnosis?
CHARGE association Von Recklinghausen's disease Hirschsprung's disease Waardenburg syndrome None of the above
Waardenburg syndrome
Which of the following is involved in the migration of neural crest cells from neural tube?
Snail BMP-2 Mash-1 Norepinephrine Glial Growth Factor
Snail
Which is not a derivative of neural crest cells?
Sensory neurons Motor neurons Schwann cells Adrenal Medulla Dental Papilla
Motor neurons
What maintains the competence of neural cells to differentiate into autonomic neurons?
Shh Acetylcholine Mash-1 Glial Growth Factor TGF-Beta
Mash-1
If trunk crest cells are transplanted into the cranial region, they can form all of the following types of cells except:
Pigment cells Schwann cells Sensory Neurons Cartilage Autonomic Neurons
Cartilage
Which of the following syndromes is characterized by reduced function of the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands, cardiovascular defects, and abnormalities of the aortic arches and is the result of a defect in the neural crest supplying the third and fourth pharyngeal arches?
Neurofibromas
DiGeorge syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome
CHARGE
DiGeorge syndrome
Most neural crest cells originating from the areas of somites 1-3 will following the circumpharyngeal path and will make up which of the following divisions?
Cardiac neural crest
Vagal neural crest
Sympathoadrenal neural crest
Spinal ganglia neural crest
Cardiac neural crest
Which of the following conclusions concerning the choroid fissure is correct?
The optic nerve and the hyaloid artery both use the choroid fissure to reach the posterior chamber of the eye.
Low concentrations of Shh are necessary to guide the axons of the ganglion cells along the choroid fissure to the retina.
Failure of the choroid fissure to close results in the formation of cyclopia.
The hyaloid artery uses the choroid fissure to reach the posterior chamber of the eye
The hyaloid artery uses the choroid fissure to reach the posterior chamber of the eye
Neural crest-derived cells constitute a significant component of which tissue of the eye?
Neural retina Lens Optic Nerve Cornea None of the Above
Cornea
What molecule plays a role in guidance of advancing retinal axons through the optic nerve?
Pax 2 Fgf3 BMP-4 Pax-6 BMP-7
Pax 2
Surface ectoderm is induced to become corneal epithelium by an inductive event originating in which of the following?
Optic cup Chordamesoderm Optic Vesicle Lens Vesicle Neural Retina
Lens Vesicle
Which of the following is caused by failure of the choroid fissure to close during the sixth week of pregnancy?
Anophthalmos
Microphthalmos
Cyclopia
Colobomo
Colobomo
Antagonistic actions of BMP-4 and Shh, along with ventropin establish which of the following axes?
The anterior-posterior axis of the cornea
The anterior- posterior axis of the lens
The dorsal-ventral axis of the retina
The nasal-temporal fields of the retina
The dorsal-ventral axis of the retina
Except for the pharyngeal muscles, pharyngeal arch mesoderm (tendons) are derived from which of the following?
Neural crest
Somitomeres
Paraxial mesoderm
Parachordal mesoderm
Neural crest
Shaping of the snout involves the establishment of a gradient between which of the following pairs of signals?
FGF-8 and Edn-1
Hox and Pax
TGF-2 and BMP-4
FGF-8 and SHH
FGF-8 and SHH
In craniofacial development, segmentation of the Cranial neural tube occurs as a result of expression of which of the following genes?
Sox
BMP
Hox
TGF
Hox
In most kinds of glandular development signaling between Shh and FGF occurs between the epithelium and mesenchyme. In which of the following development processes does this signaling occur entirely with in the epithelium?
Nasal
Salivary
Thyroid
Anterior pituitary
Salivary
In molar development, induction of secondary enamel knots by the primary enamel knot followed by apoptosis of the primary enamel knot is associated with which of the following morphogenetic events?
Formation of future molar cusps
Induction of the ameloblast layer
Induction of the odontoblast layer
Formation of the dental sac
Formation of future molar cusps
At which of the following stages of tooth development do both the ameloblast and odontoblast layers first appear together?
Tooth bud stage
Cap stage
Bell Stage
Dental Sac Stage
Bell Stage
Which of the following is necessary for tooth development to continue past the bud stage?
BMP-4
Shh
FGF-8
Pax-9
Pax-9
Cleft lip results from lack of fusion of which of the following?
Nasomedial and nasolateral processes
Nasomedial and maxillary processes
Nasolateral and maxillary processes
Nasolateral and mandibular processes
Nasomedial and maxillary processes
Which of the following abnormalities in tooth development is characterized by teeth that appear blue-gray or amber brown and are opalescent and may be caused by mutations in type I collagen?
Amelogenesis imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Enamel fluorosis
KGB Syndrome
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Which of the following develops from the cartilaginous portion of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Meckel’s cartilage
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Stapes
Cranial nerve V innervates structures derived from which of the following pharyngeal arches?
Pharyngeal Arch 1
Pharyngeal Arch 2
Pharyngeal Arch 3
Pharyngeal Arch 4
Pharyngeal Arch 1
Rathke’s pouch arises from which of the following?
Diencephalon Stomodeal ectoderm Mesencephalon Pharyngeal endoderm Infundibulum
Stomodeal ectoderm
Expression of which of the following genes is necessary to prevent pharyngeal arch 2 from differentiating into pharyngeal arch 1?
Enfrail
Pax-7
Hoxa-2
Foxd
Hoxa-2
Muscles of facial expression are innervated by cranial nerve seven. This relationship would suggest that these muscle are derived from which of the following:
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Second
In the formation of the mammalian temporomandibular articulation, several bones that are involved in the jaw articulation in lower vertebrates dissociate themselves from jaw articulation and become located in the middle ear cavity, where they function in sound transmission. The malleus of the middle ear in mammals is derived from which of the following foramen jar articulation bones?
Columella
Meckel’s Cartilage
Quadrate
Articular
Articular
Which of the following develop from the third pharyngeal pouch in response to high concentrations of Shh?
Thyroid
Superior parathyroids
Thymus
Inferior parathyroids
Inferior Parathyroids
The auditory tube is a derivative of which of the following pharyngeal pouches?
First
Second
Third
Fourth
First
Which of the following remains temporarily connected to the floor of the pharynx by a narrow duct that later forms the foramen cecum on the tongue?
Thyroid
Thymus
Parathyroids
Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid
Which of the following DO NOT form the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum)?
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Nephrons
Calyces
Nephrons
Metanephrogenic blastema are induced to condense from the surrounding mesenchyme by which of the following?
Allantoic sac
Mesonephric duct
Pronephric Duct
Ureteric Diverticulum
Ureteric Diverticulum
Potter’s facies is characteristic of an embryo exposed to which of the following?
Exstrophy of the bladder
Oligohydramnios
Polycystic disease of the kidney
Epispadias
Oligohydramnios
The ureteric epithelium, influenced by BMP-4, forms which of the following proteins necessary to render the epithelium of the ureter impermeable to water?
Sprouty
Gremlins
Uroplakins
Uvomorulin
Uroplakins
Which of the following factors determine the craniocaudal limits of the early urinary system?
Lim-1
Hox 4-11 genes
Retinoic Acid
Pax-2 and Pax-8
Hox 4-11 genes
Sprouty and Gremlin are involved in the development of which of the following?
Teeth
Kidneys
Tongue
Salivary Gland
Kidneys
The presence of the SRY gene is directly associated with which of the following?
Switching of the indifferent gonad to a testis
Switching of the indifferent gonad to an ovary
Retention of the Mullerian Ducts
Development of secondary male characteristics
Switching of the indifferent gonad to a testis
The scrotum and labia major a develop from which of the following primordia?
Genital tubercle
Genital swellings
Genital Folds
A combination of
Genital swellings
In the genetic male, Sertoli cells develop from which of the following?
Rete cords
Sex cords
Efferent Ductules
Cortex of the indifferent gonad
Sex cords→ these become seminiferous tubules
In a genetic male, mesonephric tubules in the vicinity of the gonad will form which of the following?
Rete cords
Sex cords
Efferent Ductules
Mesonephric Duct
Efferent Ductules
The conversion of primordial germ cells into meiosis competent cells depends on which of the following factors?
Dazl
Retinoic acid
Nanos-2
Stra-8
Dazl
The internal carotids are derived from which of the following pairs of aortic arches?
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Third
The hepatic portal vein develops from which of the following fetal vessels?
Left vitelline
Right vitelline
Left Umbilical
Right Umbilical
Left Umbilical
Which of the following best describes the function of the ductus venosus?
It will become the left hepatic vein
It carries food-laden blood form the yolk sac to the hepatic capillary network
It drains the hepatic capillary networks into the sinus venosus
It permits the incoming oxygenated placental blood to bypass the capillary networks of the liver
It permits the incoming oxygenated placental blood to bypass the capillary networks of the liver
The ductus arteriosus shunt in the fetus becomes the ligamentum arteriosus in the adult. It is derived from the dorsal portion of which of the following structures?
Right fourth aortic arch
Left fourth aortic arch
Right sixth aortic arch
Left sixth aortic arch
Left sixth aortic arch
Hemangioblasts originate from the posterolateral mesoderm during gastrulation and organize into blood islands in the yolk around day 18. They become divided into two lineages. Which of the following factors is responsible for establishing the endothelial lineage?
Runx-1
Hox 3
VEGF-A
Angiopoietin
Hox 3
The initial formation of the cardiac tube is guided by which of the following?
Tbx-2
Tbx-5
Pax-6
Shh
Tbx-2
During cardiac development, the distal region of the bulbus cordis (outflow tract) is derived from which of the following?
Primary cardiac field
Secondary cardiac field
Neural Crest
Septocondal Ridges
Neural Crest
Absence of hand-2 results in the absence of which of the following cardiac structures?
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Right ventricle
The proximal region of the outflow tract of the development heart is derived from which of the following sources?
Primary heart field
Secondary heart field
Neural Crest
Conotruncal Septa
Secondary heart field
Which of the following adult heart components is derived for the secondary embryonic heart field?
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Right ventricle
The foramen ovale is a right-left cardiac shunt and is structurally associated with which of the following cardiac structures?
Septum primum
Septum secundum
Foramen Primum
Foramen Secundum
Foramen Secundum
Which of the following states is TRUE concentering the characteristics of the the three stages of kidney development in human embryos?
The pronephros is functional only in the first few weeks of human embryonic development; the mesonephros is functional for a short period after that, and the metanephros is functional through the development of the fetus.
The mesonephros is the functional kidney in the human embryo and the pronephric duct is necessary to form the mesonephric ducts.
The pronephric duct forms the mesonephric duct, and the mesonephric tubules will become associated with the metanephric duct to form the metanephric kidney.
The mesonephric duct will become associated with the development of the male reproductive system and the pronephric duct will become associated with the development of the female Mullerian duct.
The mesonephros is the functional kidney in the human embryo and the pronephric duct is necessary to form the mesonephric ducts.
Partitioning of the single ventricle into a left and right chamber begins during which of the following developmental periods?
Third week
Fourth week
Fifth Week
Seventh Week
Fifth Week
The tracheal primordium extend from the ventral floor of the foregut and will later have to be separated from the foregut lume (future esophagus) b ya septum. The separation is accomplished by a pair of lateral ridges that fuse toward the midline from posterior to anterior. Which of the following factors is responsible for initiating the formation of the septum?
Wnt
Hox6
BMP4
FoxA3
Wnt
The initial site for the development of the respiratory system is from the floor of the pharynx (ventral foregut). Which of the following factors marks the site (as well as the site of the thyroid diverticulum)?
Wnt
BMP4
Nkx2.1
FGF10
Nkx2.1
The large, ventral portion of the respiratory diaphragm is derived from which of the following primordia?
Pleuropericardial folds
Falciform ligament
Pleuroperitoneal folds
Septum Transversum
Septum Transversum
