Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry 1 > exam 3 review Qs > Flashcards

exam 3 review Qs Flashcards

1
Q

common name of 12:0

A

lauric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ionized name of 12:0

A

laurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

common name 14:0

A

myristic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ionized name of 14:0

A

myristate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

common name of 16:0

A

palmitic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ionized name of 16:0

A

palmitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

common name of 18:0

A

stearic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ionized name of 18:0

A

stearate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

common name of 18:1^9

A

oleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ionized name 18:1^9

A

oleate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list the roles of lipids in the body?

A 
energy
insulation
protection
cell membrane integrity
steroid hormones & hormone like compounds
fat-soluble vitamin absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many Kcal does 1g of lipids provide?

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

one pound of fat contains how many Kcal?

A

3500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the difference between fat and oils?

A 
fats= saturated and solid at room temp
Oils= unsaturated and liquid at room temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the majority of lipids in nature are found as which lipid class?

A

triglycerides
cholesterol esters
phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is acyl?

A

a Fatty Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the fatty acid classification of;
no double bonds
Fats

A

saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the fatty acid saturation classification of;
1 double bond
oils

A

monosaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the fatty acid classification of;
more than 1 double bond
oil

A

polyunsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how many carbons are in a short chain FA?

A

4-6 carbons

Ex. Butyric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many carbons are in a medium chain FA?

A

8-12 carbons

Ex. Lauric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how many carbons is in a long chain FA?

A

14-24 carbons
Ex. palmitic acid
essential fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how are cis and trans fat different?

A

Cis- can still rotate, same side

trans- is stuck in linear position, opposite side,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

change the delta named 18:2D9,12 into omega?

A

18:2W6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

change the delta named 20:5D5,8,11,14,17 into omega?

A

20:5W3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

change the omega example 20:4W6 into delta?

A

20:4D5,8,11,14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

change the omega example 18:3W3 into delta?

A

18:3D9,12,15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does methylene interrupted mean?

A

a methyl group between double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why is methylene interrupted an important characteristic of lipids?

A
  • it allows a more flexible structure
  • allows rotation around the methylene in the middle to several conformations
  • conjugated bonds (single and double bonds alternate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the product formed from fully hydrogenting an oil?

A

a saturated fat

single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the product formed from partially hydrogentating an oil?

A

a trans fat

double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

does hydrogenation change the number of carbons in the FA?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the essential fatty acids?

A

fatty acids that must be obtained from diet

N3- N6 essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

why are the essential fatty acids essential?

A
  • lack desaturates

- body cant add a double bond to N1 to N7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the bioactive forms of the essential FA?

A 
arachidonic acid (COX: 2PG, 2TX, LOX: 4LT)
eicosapentaenoic acid (COX: 3PG, 3TX, LOX: 5LT)
docosahexanoeic acid (LOX: D-series Rv and protectin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the simple lipids?

A

free fatty acids
triglycerides
sterols & steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the complex lipids?

A

phospholipids (phosphate)

glycolipids (Carbs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

trans fats behave like what in the body?

A

like saturated fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how are Triglycerides formed?

A

glycerol back bone, form through ester bonds
saturated on Sn-1
unsat on SN-2
dehydration/condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where are MUFA and PUFA found on the triglyceride?

A

found on SN-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the fate of Triglycerides?

A

Lliver- packed into very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and sent into circulation
Adipose- stored in lipid droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the back bone of Glycerophospholipid?

A

glycerol

bitches…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

which position of glycerophospholipid contains the phosphate group?

A

SN-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where are the saturated Fatty acids found on the glycerophospholipid backbone?

A

SN-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

where are the unsaturated fatty acids found on the Glycerophospholipids backbone?

A

SN-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the most common phospholipid in the body?

A

Phosphotidylcholine (lecithin)

50% of all phospholipids in the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

where do we find lecithin in vivo?

A

in the lungs as a surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where is phosphatidylethanolamine found in high concentrations?

A

makes up 45% of phospholipids in the brain

highly concentrated in mitochondrial membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

where is phosphatidylserine found in high concentrations?

A

mostly found in myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

which phospholipid is the precursor to cardiolipin?

A

phosphatidylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where is cardiolipin found in vivo?

A

found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

which phospholipid is important for signaling apoptosis?

A

phosphotidylserine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

which phospholipid is important in covalent modification of enzymes?

A

phosphotidylinositol

54
Q

which phospholipid is important for membrane anchoring?

A

phosphotidylinositol

55
Q

which glycerophospholipids contain N-3 and N-6?

A

phosphotidylserine
phosphotidylethanolamine
phosphatidylinositol

56
Q

a glycerophospholipid with an acetyl group on sn-2 is called what?

A

platelet activating factor

57
Q

what is the function of the ether phospholipid plasmalogen?

A

plasmalogen- concentrated in nerve and muscle tissue

58
Q

what is the backbone of the sphingophospholipid molecule?

A

sphingosine backbone

59
Q

what is a ceramide?

A

a sphingosine + fatty acid

60
Q

what is an example of sphingophospholipid?

A

sohingomyelin

61
Q

where can a sphingophospholipid be found?

A

gray matter
myelin sheath
plasma membrane of all animal cells

62
Q

where do phospholipase A1 cleave on a phospholipid?

A

the O-C bond at SN1

63
Q

where does phospholipase A2 cleave on a phospholipid?

A

the O-C bond at SN-2

64
Q

where does phospholipase C cleave on a phospholipid?

A

the O-P bond at SN-3

65
Q

where does phosopholipase D cleave on a phospholipid?

A

the P-O bond at SN-3

66
Q

which enzymes are involved in sphingomyelin degradation?

A

ceramidase

sphingomyelinase

67
Q

what are the benefits of ceramide?

A
  • important in cell signaling and cell death
  • makes up 50% of lipids in Stratum Corneum
  • regulates water permeability of skin
68
Q

what are the hazards of a ceramide?

A

too much can cause inflammation and cell death

69
Q

where are galactocerebroside found?

A

neural tissue

70
Q

where are glucocerebroside found?

A

non-neural tissue

71
Q

gangliosides contain what?

A

oligosaccharides (3-10 sugars)

72
Q

what are essential fatty acids good for?

A

cell signaling
gene expression
inflammatory processes

73
Q

what are the two structure parts of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tail

74
Q

what are the five phosphotidyls?

A 
choline
ethanolamine
serine
inositol
glycerol
75
Q

what are the functions of ester glycerophospholipids?

A

cholesterol- cell membrane integrity

precursor for steroid hormones, bile, vitamin D

76
Q

what is the function of the ether glycerophospholipid platelet activating factor?

A

released from white blood cells during inflammation, allergy and injury; stimulates platelet aggregation (clotting)

77
Q

a build up of sphingmyelin will do what?

A

neimann-pick

mental retardation/neurodegradation

78
Q

a build up of gangliosides will do what?

A

Tay-Sachs, sandhoff’s

blindness, muscle weakness

79
Q

a build up of glucocerebrosides will do what?

A

Gaucher

CNS impairment

80
Q

a build up of galactocerebrosides will do what?

A

Krabbe

CNS impairment

81
Q

a build up of ceramide will do what?

A

Farber

Joint Deformity

82
Q

is conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to EPA and DHA efficient?

A

no

only 5-9% is converted

83
Q

which enzyme is responsible for the cyclic pathway of eicosanoid formation?

A

cyclooxygenase (COX)

removes 2 double bonds

84
Q

which enzyme is responsible for the linear pathway of eicosanoid formation?

A

lipoxygenase (LOX)

does not change the number of double bonds

85
Q

which eicosanoids are responsible for inflammation?

A

prostaglandins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes

86
Q

precursors for each eicosanoid series….

A 
arachidonic acid (COX: 2PG, 2TX, LOX: 4LT)
eicosapentaenoic acid (COX: 3PG, 3TX, LOX: 5LT)
87
Q

what pharmacological treatment induces synthesis of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids?

A

aspirin

88
Q

an increase in Omega-6 eicosanoids will have what effect?

A

inflammatory

89
Q

an increase in Omega-3 eicosanoids will have what effect and why?

A

anti-flammatory

90
Q

which fish should be avoided for mercury contamination?

A

shark, swordfish, mackerel, tilefish

91
Q

what is the difference between endogenous and exogenous cholesterol

A

endogenous- made in the liver and intestines

exogenous- from the diet, made by animals

92
Q

plasmalogen has what at SN-2?

A

saturated fatty acid

93
Q

what are some sources of exogenous cholesterol?

A

animal products that we eat

94
Q

how much exogenous cholesterol should we get a day?

A

1 gram a day

95
Q

what carries cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver?

A

high density lipids

96
Q

what is the rate-limiting enzyme in endogenous cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG CoA reductase

97
Q

what is the major route for cholesterol excretion?

A

in the feces

98
Q

where is endogenous cholesterol made?

A

liver and SI

from carbs, lipids and proteins

99
Q

what are some examples of steroid hormones?

A

sex hormones- androgens, estrogens, progestagens

corticosteroids- Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

100
Q

what is the role of bile in lipid digestion?

A

helps to emulsify lipid droplets and increase surface area to help break them down into micelles to be absorbed by the brush border

101
Q

where is bile made, stored and secreted?

A

made in liver
stored in gallbladder
secreted by ileum?

102
Q

anything with cholate in the name is what?

A

a bile acid

103
Q

what are the most common bile salts?

A

glycocholate

taurocholate

104
Q

describe lipid digestion from mouth to excretion

A
  • lingual lipase released in mouth
  • lipids are non-polar, need to be emulsified in order to allow digestion in stomach
  • gastric lipase released in stomach
  • presence of fat in the stomach causes release of hormones that decrease gastric motility
105
Q

list the enzymes involved in lipid digestion, and where is it located?

A

lingual lipase-mouth

gastric lipase- stomach

106
Q

list the secretions and hormones involved in lipid digestion? where are they located?

A

CCK- Stomach-small intest
GIP- stomach
GLP-1- stomach
secretin- Small Intest

107
Q

what are some mechanisms used to increase surface area during digestion?

A

emulsification of lipids by the bile

108
Q

what is needed to make pancreatic lipase functional?

A

activation by Colipase, Bile, Ca2+

109
Q

most lipid digestion occurs where? due to which enzyme?

A

Small intestine, pancreatic lipases

110
Q

describe lipid absorption and transport?

A

micelles absorbed by passive diffusion (short/med chains pass directly into blood then liver)
re-esterified in smooth ER into TGs, cholesterol, phospholipids
packed into chylomicrons in golgi complex
transported via lipoproteins

111
Q

what may cause lipid malabsorption?

A
  • impaired digestion or absorption

- cystic fibrosis, bile acid insufficiency, celiac disease, crohn’s

112
Q

how are TGs transported following absorption?

A

Lipoproteins

  • phospholipid exterior
  • lipid core
  • apoproteins
113
Q

what are the main constituent of chylomicrons?

A

triglycerides

114
Q

what are the main constituents of VLDL?

A

triglycerides

115
Q

what are the main constituents of LDL?

A

cholesterol

116
Q

what are the main constituents of HDL?

A

protein

117
Q

where is each lipoprotein synthesized?

A

chylomicron- enterocytes
very low denisty lipoprotein- liver
low density lipoprotein- from VLDL
high density lipoprotein- SI & Liver

118
Q

what are the biological implications of oxidation?

A

Benefits- metabolism, cell signaling, kill bacteria

harm- inactive hormones, vitamin deficiencies, cell death, heart disease, cancer, alzheimer’s disease.

119
Q

what are some inhibitors of oxidation?

A

antioxidants

  • enzymatic
  • nonenzymatic
120
Q

which hydrogen is most likely to be attacked in a PUFA?

A

the one that requires the least amount of energy to steal

121
Q

what happens to methylene interruption in lipid peroxidation?

A

bonds are rearranged to add an oxygen to form a peroxide, therefore less methylene interruptions (less mobility)

122
Q

are ROS/RNS involved in inflammation?

A

involved with apoptosis of chondrocytes

123
Q

how do AOX work?

A

anything that can decrease oxidation by getting rid of free radicals or by other mechanisms

124
Q

what do AOX donate and from where?

A

Hydrogens

125
Q

is an OX overdose expected with consumption of whole fruits and vegetables?

A

no

however if a single ingredient is administered in doses you would not get in food, toxicity does become an issue

126
Q

vitamin e, carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10 are examples of what?

A

fat-soluble H donors

127
Q

Vitamin C, Glutathione, Polyphenols, BHA & BHT are examples of what?

A

water-soluble H donors

128
Q

superoxide dimutase, Glutathione peroxidase, catalase are examples of what?

A

enzymatic AOX

129
Q

H donors, metal binders, Oxygen scavengers, singlet oxygen quenchers are examples of what?

A

Nonenzymatic AOX

130
Q

what are the major routes of cholesterol leaving the liver?

A

secretion of VLDL
free cholesterol secreted in bile
conversion to bile acids/salts

Biochemistry 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions