exam 3 review Qs Flashcards
1
Q
common name of 12:0
A
lauric acid
2
Q
ionized name of 12:0
A
laurate
3
Q
common name 14:0
A
myristic acid
4
Q
ionized name of 14:0
A
myristate
5
Q
common name of 16:0
A
palmitic acid
6
Q
ionized name of 16:0
A
palmitate
7
Q
common name of 18:0
A
stearic acid
8
Q
ionized name of 18:0
A
stearate
9
Q
common name of 18:1^9
A
oleic acid
10
Q
ionized name 18:1^9
A
oleate
11
Q
list the roles of lipids in the body?
A
energy insulation protection cell membrane integrity steroid hormones & hormone like compounds fat-soluble vitamin absorption
12
Q
how many Kcal does 1g of lipids provide?
A
9
13
Q
one pound of fat contains how many Kcal?
A
3500
14
Q
what is the difference between fat and oils?
A
fats= saturated and solid at room temp Oils= unsaturated and liquid at room temp
15
Q
the majority of lipids in nature are found as which lipid class?
A
triglycerides
cholesterol esters
phospholipids
16
Q
what is acyl?
A
a Fatty Acid
17
Q
what is the fatty acid classification of;
no double bonds
Fats
A
saturated
18
Q
what is the fatty acid saturation classification of;
1 double bond
oils
A
monosaturated
19
Q
what is the fatty acid classification of;
more than 1 double bond
oil
A
polyunsaturated
20
Q
how many carbons are in a short chain FA?
A
4-6 carbons
Ex. Butyric acid
21
Q
how many carbons are in a medium chain FA?
A
8-12 carbons
Ex. Lauric acid
22
Q
how many carbons is in a long chain FA?
A
14-24 carbons
Ex. palmitic acid
essential fatty acids
23
Q
how are cis and trans fat different?
A
Cis- can still rotate, same side
trans- is stuck in linear position, opposite side,
24
Q
change the delta named 18:2D9,12 into omega?
A
18:2W6
25
change the delta named 20:5D5,8,11,14,17 into omega?
20:5W3
26
change the omega example 20:4W6 into delta?
20:4D5,8,11,14
27
change the omega example 18:3W3 into delta?
18:3D9,12,15
28
what does methylene interrupted mean?
a methyl group between double bonds
29
why is methylene interrupted an important characteristic of lipids?
- it allows a more flexible structure
- allows rotation around the methylene in the middle to several conformations
- conjugated bonds (single and double bonds alternate)
30
what is the product formed from fully hydrogenting an oil?
a saturated fat
| single bonds
31
what is the product formed from partially hydrogentating an oil?
a trans fat
| double bond
32
does hydrogenation change the number of carbons in the FA?
no
33
what are the essential fatty acids?
fatty acids that must be obtained from diet
| N3- N6 essential
34
why are the essential fatty acids essential?
- lack desaturates
| - body cant add a double bond to N1 to N7
35
what are the bioactive forms of the essential FA?
```
arachidonic acid (COX: 2PG, 2TX, LOX: 4LT)
eicosapentaenoic acid (COX: 3PG, 3TX, LOX: 5LT)
docosahexanoeic acid (LOX: D-series Rv and protectin)
```
36
what are the simple lipids?
free fatty acids
triglycerides
sterols & steroids
37
what are the complex lipids?
phospholipids (phosphate)
| glycolipids (Carbs)
38
trans fats behave like what in the body?
like saturated fat
39
how are Triglycerides formed?
glycerol back bone, form through ester bonds
saturated on Sn-1
unsat on SN-2
dehydration/condensation reaction
40
where are MUFA and PUFA found on the triglyceride?
found on SN-2
41
what is the fate of Triglycerides?
Lliver- packed into very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and sent into circulation
Adipose- stored in lipid droplets
42
what is the back bone of Glycerophospholipid?
glycerol
bitches...
43
which position of glycerophospholipid contains the phosphate group?
SN-3
44
where are the saturated Fatty acids found on the glycerophospholipid backbone?
SN-1
45
where are the unsaturated fatty acids found on the Glycerophospholipids backbone?
SN-2
46
what is the most common phospholipid in the body?
Phosphotidylcholine (lecithin)
| 50% of all phospholipids in the human body
47
where do we find lecithin in vivo?
in the lungs as a surfactant
48
where is phosphatidylethanolamine found in high concentrations?
makes up 45% of phospholipids in the brain
| highly concentrated in mitochondrial membranes
49
where is phosphatidylserine found in high concentrations?
mostly found in myelin
50
which phospholipid is the precursor to cardiolipin?
phosphatidylglycerol
51
where is cardiolipin found in vivo?
found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane
52
which phospholipid is important for signaling apoptosis?
phosphotidylserine
53
which phospholipid is important in covalent modification of enzymes?
phosphotidylinositol
54
which phospholipid is important for membrane anchoring?
phosphotidylinositol
55
which glycerophospholipids contain N-3 and N-6?
phosphotidylserine
phosphotidylethanolamine
phosphatidylinositol
56
a glycerophospholipid with an acetyl group on sn-2 is called what?
platelet activating factor
57
what is the function of the ether phospholipid plasmalogen?
plasmalogen- concentrated in nerve and muscle tissue
58
what is the backbone of the sphingophospholipid molecule?
sphingosine backbone
59
what is a ceramide?
a sphingosine + fatty acid
60
what is an example of sphingophospholipid?
sohingomyelin
61
where can a sphingophospholipid be found?
gray matter
myelin sheath
plasma membrane of all animal cells
62
where do phospholipase A1 cleave on a phospholipid?
the O-C bond at SN1
63
where does phospholipase A2 cleave on a phospholipid?
the O-C bond at SN-2
64
where does phospholipase C cleave on a phospholipid?
the O-P bond at SN-3
65
where does phosopholipase D cleave on a phospholipid?
the P-O bond at SN-3
66
which enzymes are involved in sphingomyelin degradation?
ceramidase
| sphingomyelinase
67
what are the benefits of ceramide?
- important in cell signaling and cell death
- makes up 50% of lipids in Stratum Corneum
- regulates water permeability of skin
68
what are the hazards of a ceramide?
too much can cause inflammation and cell death
69
where are galactocerebroside found?
neural tissue
70
where are glucocerebroside found?
non-neural tissue
71
gangliosides contain what?
oligosaccharides (3-10 sugars)
72
what are essential fatty acids good for?
cell signaling
gene expression
inflammatory processes
73
what are the two structure parts of a phospholipid?
hydrophilic head
| hydrophobic tail
74
what are the five phosphotidyls?
```
choline
ethanolamine
serine
inositol
glycerol
```
75
what are the functions of ester glycerophospholipids?
cholesterol- cell membrane integrity
| precursor for steroid hormones, bile, vitamin D
76
what is the function of the ether glycerophospholipid platelet activating factor?
released from white blood cells during inflammation, allergy and injury; stimulates platelet aggregation (clotting)
77
a build up of sphingmyelin will do what?
neimann-pick
| mental retardation/neurodegradation
78
a build up of gangliosides will do what?
Tay-Sachs, sandhoff's
| blindness, muscle weakness
79
a build up of glucocerebrosides will do what?
Gaucher
| CNS impairment
80
a build up of galactocerebrosides will do what?
Krabbe
| CNS impairment
81
a build up of ceramide will do what?
Farber
| Joint Deformity
82
is conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to EPA and DHA efficient?
no
| only 5-9% is converted
83
which enzyme is responsible for the cyclic pathway of eicosanoid formation?
cyclooxygenase (COX)
| removes 2 double bonds
84
which enzyme is responsible for the linear pathway of eicosanoid formation?
lipoxygenase (LOX)
| does not change the number of double bonds
85
which eicosanoids are responsible for inflammation?
prostaglandins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes
86
precursors for each eicosanoid series....
```
arachidonic acid (COX: 2PG, 2TX, LOX: 4LT)
eicosapentaenoic acid (COX: 3PG, 3TX, LOX: 5LT)
```
87
what pharmacological treatment induces synthesis of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids?
aspirin
88
an increase in Omega-6 eicosanoids will have what effect?
inflammatory
89
an increase in Omega-3 eicosanoids will have what effect and why?
anti-flammatory
90
which fish should be avoided for mercury contamination?
shark, swordfish, mackerel, tilefish
91
what is the difference between endogenous and exogenous cholesterol
endogenous- made in the liver and intestines
| exogenous- from the diet, made by animals
92
plasmalogen has what at SN-2?
saturated fatty acid
93
what are some sources of exogenous cholesterol?
animal products that we eat
94
how much exogenous cholesterol should we get a day?
1 gram a day
95
what carries cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver?
high density lipids
96
what is the rate-limiting enzyme in endogenous cholesterol synthesis?
HMG CoA reductase
97
what is the major route for cholesterol excretion?
in the feces
98
where is endogenous cholesterol made?
liver and SI
| from carbs, lipids and proteins
99
what are some examples of steroid hormones?
sex hormones- androgens, estrogens, progestagens
| corticosteroids- Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
100
what is the role of bile in lipid digestion?
helps to emulsify lipid droplets and increase surface area to help break them down into micelles to be absorbed by the brush border
101
where is bile made, stored and secreted?
made in liver
stored in gallbladder
secreted by ileum?
102
anything with cholate in the name is what?
a bile acid
103
what are the most common bile salts?
glycocholate
| taurocholate
104
describe lipid digestion from mouth to excretion
- lingual lipase released in mouth
- lipids are non-polar, need to be emulsified in order to allow digestion in stomach
- gastric lipase released in stomach
- presence of fat in the stomach causes release of hormones that decrease gastric motility
105
list the enzymes involved in lipid digestion, and where is it located?
lingual lipase-mouth
| gastric lipase- stomach
106
list the secretions and hormones involved in lipid digestion? where are they located?
CCK- Stomach-small intest
GIP- stomach
GLP-1- stomach
secretin- Small Intest
107
what are some mechanisms used to increase surface area during digestion?
emulsification of lipids by the bile
108
what is needed to make pancreatic lipase functional?
activation by Colipase, Bile, Ca2+
109
most lipid digestion occurs where? due to which enzyme?
Small intestine, pancreatic lipases
110
describe lipid absorption and transport?
micelles absorbed by passive diffusion (short/med chains pass directly into blood then liver)
re-esterified in smooth ER into TGs, cholesterol, phospholipids
packed into chylomicrons in golgi complex
transported via lipoproteins
111
what may cause lipid malabsorption?
- impaired digestion or absorption
| - cystic fibrosis, bile acid insufficiency, celiac disease, crohn's
112
how are TGs transported following absorption?
Lipoproteins
- phospholipid exterior
- lipid core
- apoproteins
113
what are the main constituent of chylomicrons?
triglycerides
114
what are the main constituents of VLDL?
triglycerides
115
what are the main constituents of LDL?
cholesterol
116
what are the main constituents of HDL?
protein
117
where is each lipoprotein synthesized?
chylomicron- enterocytes
very low denisty lipoprotein- liver
low density lipoprotein- from VLDL
high density lipoprotein- SI & Liver
118
what are the biological implications of oxidation?
Benefits- metabolism, cell signaling, kill bacteria
| harm- inactive hormones, vitamin deficiencies, cell death, heart disease, cancer, alzheimer's disease.
119
what are some inhibitors of oxidation?
antioxidants
- enzymatic
- nonenzymatic
120
which hydrogen is most likely to be attacked in a PUFA?
the one that requires the least amount of energy to steal
121
what happens to methylene interruption in lipid peroxidation?
bonds are rearranged to add an oxygen to form a peroxide, therefore less methylene interruptions (less mobility)
122
are ROS/RNS involved in inflammation?
involved with apoptosis of chondrocytes
123
how do AOX work?
anything that can decrease oxidation by getting rid of free radicals or by other mechanisms
124
what do AOX donate and from where?
Hydrogens
125
is an OX overdose expected with consumption of whole fruits and vegetables?
no
| however if a single ingredient is administered in doses you would not get in food, toxicity does become an issue
126
vitamin e, carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10 are examples of what?
fat-soluble H donors
127
Vitamin C, Glutathione, Polyphenols, BHA & BHT are examples of what?
water-soluble H donors
128
superoxide dimutase, Glutathione peroxidase, catalase are examples of what?
enzymatic AOX
129
H donors, metal binders, Oxygen scavengers, singlet oxygen quenchers are examples of what?
Nonenzymatic AOX
130
what are the major routes of cholesterol leaving the liver?
secretion of VLDL
free cholesterol secreted in bile
conversion to bile acids/salts
