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KCU Biochem Exam 3 > Exam 3 Review Ford > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Ford Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 reactions of the oxidative phase that makes NADPH?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (rate limiting reaction)
Lactonase (opens the ring)
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (performs an oxidative decarboxylation)

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2
Q

What is NADPH used for?

A

Synthesis of monomers and reducing power

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3
Q

What tissues use NADPH for synthesis of monomers?

A

Adrenal glands, liver, testes, adipose tissue, ovary, mammary gland

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4
Q

What tissue uses NADPH for reducing power?

A

Red blood cells

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5
Q

What is the general structure of glutathione?

A

gamma-glu->Cys->Gly

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6
Q

What does mutant G6PD cause in red blood cells?

A

Shortened life spans, Fe in heme must be reduced to bind to O2

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7
Q

What activates G6PD?

A

Dimerization, transcription factors for antioxidant genes, cell cycle and synthesis activators, insulin

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8
Q

What inhibits G6PD?

A

Phosphorylation, apoptosis signaling proteins

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9
Q

What is the important precursor for de novo synthesis of ribonucleotides?

A

PRPP

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of the synthesis of pyrimidines?

A

Form nitrogenous base independent of PRPP
Unidirectional pathway
Cytoplasmic

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11
Q

What precursors are used in the formation of pyrimidines?

A

-NH3 from Gln
Asp
HCO3

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of the synthesis of purines?

A

Form nitrogenous bases on PRPP
Branched pathway
Cytoplasmic

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13
Q

What precursors are used in the formation of purines?

A

-NH3 from Gln
Gly, Asp
N10-formyl-THF
HCO3-

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14
Q

What inhibits Pyrimidines allostericly?

A

C

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15
Q

What inhibits purines allostericly?

A

A/G

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16
Q

What is the energy source for AMP formation?

A

GTP

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17
Q

What is the energy source for GMP formation?

A

ATP

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18
Q

What is the transformation IMP goes through to become AMP and what is released and what inhibits it?

A

-NH3 from Asp
Fumarate is released
Inhibited by AMP

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19
Q

What is the transformation IMP goes through to form GMP and what is it inhibited by?

A

Redox with H2O to make 2nd carbonyl group and it is then replaced with -NH3 from Gln
Inhibited by GMP

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20
Q

What is required to convert ribose to deoxyribose?

A

A reduction reaction

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21
Q

What is the one enzyme that acts on all NDPs and NTPs?

A

Ribonucleotide reductase

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22
Q

What does pyrimidines use for salvage and how many steps are there?

A

Phosphoylases and kinases

2

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23
Q

What does purines use for salvage and how many steps are there?

A

Phosphoribosyltranserases

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24
Q

What is the final product of purine catabolism?

A

Uric acid

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25
Q

What is required to complete pyrimidine catabolism?

A

Beta-Ureidopropionicacid must be converted to alanine + CO2+NH3 by the enzyme Ureidopropionase

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26
Q

What disease is associated with a deficiency of the enzyme UMP synthetase?

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

27
Q

What disease is associated with a deficiency of the enzyme HPRT?

A

Gout and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

28
Q

What disease is associated with a deficiency of the enzyme adenosine deaminase?

A

SCID

29
Q

What is the big picture of deamination of amino acids?

A

Separate -NH3 from carbon leaving a carbon skeleton behind

30
Q

Most amino acids follow a 2 enzyme mechanism. What are those 2 enzymes?

A

Aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase

31
Q

Which two amino acids are deaminated by the action of dehydratase?

A

Serine and threonine

32
Q

What enzyme is always the coenzyme in amino acid deamination?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

33
Q

What is a toxic byproduct of amino acid catabolism?

A

NH4+

34
Q

How many ways can Urea be transported from the liver to the kidneys?

A

2, Glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase

35
Q

What are the pieces that urea is composed of?

A

H2O, aspartate, HCO3-, Carbamoyl phosphate

36
Q

What is the intermediates used to make amino acids from glycolysis?

A

3-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate

37
Q

What is the intermediates used to make amino acids from the TCA cycle?

A

alpha-ketoglutarate and OXA

38
Q

What is the intermediates used to make amino acids from the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-5-phosphate

39
Q

What facilitates pyruvate/alanine exchange?

A

SGPT

40
Q

What facilitates OAA/Aspartate exchange?

A

SGOT

41
Q

What facilitates alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

42
Q

In amino acid synthesis what happens to aspartate?

A

Glutamine donates an NH3 to aspartate to form asparagine

43
Q

In other organisms what else can aspartate be modified to?

A

Lysine, methionine, threonine

44
Q

What is a major function of glutamine?

A

Transport free NH4+ to the liver

45
Q

What is formed after glutamine goes through one reduction and transamination?

A

Ornithine, which is arginine minus urea

46
Q

What is formed when glutamine goes through a couple reductions and a cyclization?

A

Proline

47
Q

What inactivates glutamine synthetase?

A

Adenylylation

48
Q

What are the derivatives of 3-phosphoglycerate?

A

Serine, Glycine, cysteine

49
Q

What is a catabolic intermediate of phenylalanine?

A

Tyrosine

50
Q

Aromatic amino acids are derived from intermediates originating in what pathway?

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

51
Q

What is histidine synthesized from?

A

Ribose-5-phosphate

52
Q

What is combined to form chorismate and what are the possible final products?

A

Erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate; tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine

53
Q

What amino acids are synthesized from pyruvate?

A

Valine, leucine, isoleucine

54
Q

What is the derivatives of Glycine?

A

HEME

55
Q

What is the derivatives of glutamate?

A

Glutathione, polyamines, GABA

56
Q

What is the derivatives of arginine?

A

NO, creatine phosphate

57
Q

What is the derivatives of methionine?

A

SAM

58
Q

What is the derivatives of histidine?

A

Histamine

59
Q

What is the derivatives of tryptophan?

A

Serotonin

60
Q

What is the derivatives of tyrosine?

A

Epi, norepi, dopamine, malanins

61
Q

What does diabetes mimic?

A

Starvation

62
Q

What are the metabolism master regulator molecule hormones?

A

Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, leptin, ghrelin, PYY3-36, adiponectin

63
Q

What are the metabolism master regulator molecule enzymes?

A

AMPK, mTOR, Sirtuins

KCU Biochem Exam 3 (3 decks)

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