Exam 3 Review Ford

Question 1

What are the 3 reactions of the oxidative phase that makes NADPH?

Answer 1

Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (rate limiting reaction)
Lactonase (opens the ring)
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (performs an oxidative decarboxylation)

Question 2

What is NADPH used for?

Answer 2

Synthesis of monomers and reducing power

Question 3

What tissues use NADPH for synthesis of monomers?

Answer 3

Adrenal glands, liver, testes, adipose tissue, ovary, mammary gland

Question 4

What tissue uses NADPH for reducing power?

Answer 4

Red blood cells

Question 5

What is the general structure of glutathione?

Answer 5

gamma-glu->Cys->Gly

Question 6

What does mutant G6PD cause in red blood cells?

Answer 6

Shortened life spans, Fe in heme must be reduced to bind to O2

Question 7

What activates G6PD?

Answer 7

Dimerization, transcription factors for antioxidant genes, cell cycle and synthesis activators, insulin

Question 8

What inhibits G6PD?

Answer 8

Phosphorylation, apoptosis signaling proteins

Question 9

What is the important precursor for de novo synthesis of ribonucleotides?

Answer 9

PRPP

Question 10

What are some characteristics of the synthesis of pyrimidines?

Answer 10

Form nitrogenous base independent of PRPP
Unidirectional pathway
Cytoplasmic

Question 11

What precursors are used in the formation of pyrimidines?

Answer 11

-NH3 from Gln
Asp
HCO3

Question 12

What are some characteristics of the synthesis of purines?

Answer 12

Form nitrogenous bases on PRPP
Branched pathway
Cytoplasmic

Question 13

What precursors are used in the formation of purines?

Answer 13

-NH3 from Gln
Gly, Asp
N10-formyl-THF
HCO3-

Question 14

What inhibits Pyrimidines allostericly?

Answer 14

C

Question 15

What inhibits purines allostericly?

Answer 15

A/G

Question 16

What is the energy source for AMP formation?

Answer 16

GTP

Question 17

What is the energy source for GMP formation?

Answer 17

ATP

Question 18

What is the transformation IMP goes through to become AMP and what is released and what inhibits it?

Answer 18

-NH3 from Asp
Fumarate is released
Inhibited by AMP

Question 19

What is the transformation IMP goes through to form GMP and what is it inhibited by?

Answer 19

Redox with H2O to make 2nd carbonyl group and it is then replaced with -NH3 from Gln
Inhibited by GMP

Question 20

What is required to convert ribose to deoxyribose?

Answer 20

A reduction reaction

Question 21

What is the one enzyme that acts on all NDPs and NTPs?

Answer 21

Ribonucleotide reductase

Question 22

What does pyrimidines use for salvage and how many steps are there?

Answer 22

Phosphoylases and kinases

2

Question 23

What does purines use for salvage and how many steps are there?

Answer 23

Phosphoribosyltranserases

Question 24

What is the final product of purine catabolism?

Answer 24

Uric acid

Question 25

What is required to complete pyrimidine catabolism?

Answer 25

Beta-Ureidopropionicacid must be converted to alanine + CO2+NH3 by the enzyme Ureidopropionase

Question 26

What disease is associated with a deficiency of the enzyme UMP synthetase?

Answer 26

Megaloblastic Anemia

Question 27

What disease is associated with a deficiency of the enzyme HPRT?

Answer 27

Gout and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Question 28

What disease is associated with a deficiency of the enzyme adenosine deaminase?

Answer 28

SCID

Question 29

What is the big picture of deamination of amino acids?

Answer 29

Separate -NH3 from carbon leaving a carbon skeleton behind

Question 30

Most amino acids follow a 2 enzyme mechanism. What are those 2 enzymes?

Answer 30

Aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 31

Which two amino acids are deaminated by the action of dehydratase?

Answer 31

Serine and threonine

Question 32

What enzyme is always the coenzyme in amino acid deamination?

Answer 32

Pyridoxal phosphate

Question 33

What is a toxic byproduct of amino acid catabolism?

Answer 33

NH4+

Question 34

How many ways can Urea be transported from the liver to the kidneys?

Answer 34

2, Glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 35

What are the pieces that urea is composed of?

Answer 35

H2O, aspartate, HCO3-, Carbamoyl phosphate

Question 36

What is the intermediates used to make amino acids from glycolysis?

Answer 36

3-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate

Question 37

What is the intermediates used to make amino acids from the TCA cycle?

Answer 37

alpha-ketoglutarate and OXA

Question 38

What is the intermediates used to make amino acids from the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 38

Ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-5-phosphate

Question 39

What facilitates pyruvate/alanine exchange?

Answer 39

SGPT

Question 40

What facilitates OAA/Aspartate exchange?

Answer 40

SGOT

Question 41

What facilitates alpha-ketoglutarate/glutamate exchange

Answer 41

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 42

In amino acid synthesis what happens to aspartate?

Answer 42

Glutamine donates an NH3 to aspartate to form asparagine

Question 43

In other organisms what else can aspartate be modified to?

Answer 43

Lysine, methionine, threonine

Question 44

What is a major function of glutamine?

Answer 44

Transport free NH4+ to the liver

Question 45

What is formed after glutamine goes through one reduction and transamination?

Answer 45

Ornithine, which is arginine minus urea

Question 46

What is formed when glutamine goes through a couple reductions and a cyclization?

Answer 46

Proline

Question 47

What inactivates glutamine synthetase?

Answer 47

Adenylylation

Question 48

What are the derivatives of 3-phosphoglycerate?

Answer 48

Serine, Glycine, cysteine

Question 49

What is a catabolic intermediate of phenylalanine?

Answer 49

Tyrosine

Question 50

Aromatic amino acids are derived from intermediates originating in what pathway?

Answer 50

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Question 51

What is histidine synthesized from?

Answer 51

Ribose-5-phosphate

Question 52

What is combined to form chorismate and what are the possible final products?

Answer 52

Erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate; tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine

Question 53

What amino acids are synthesized from pyruvate?

Answer 53

Valine, leucine, isoleucine

Question 54

What is the derivatives of Glycine?

Answer 54

HEME

Question 55

What is the derivatives of glutamate?

Answer 55

Glutathione, polyamines, GABA

Question 56

What is the derivatives of arginine?

Answer 56

NO, creatine phosphate

Question 57

What is the derivatives of methionine?

Answer 57

SAM

Question 58

What is the derivatives of histidine?

Answer 58

Histamine

Question 59

What is the derivatives of tryptophan?

Answer 59

Serotonin

Question 60

What is the derivatives of tyrosine?

Answer 60

Epi, norepi, dopamine, malanins

Question 61

What does diabetes mimic?

Answer 61

Starvation

Question 62

What are the metabolism master regulator molecule hormones?

Answer 62

Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, leptin, ghrelin, PYY3-36, adiponectin

Question 63

What are the metabolism master regulator molecule enzymes?

Answer 63

AMPK, mTOR, Sirtuins