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KCU Biochem Exam 3 > Exam 3 Review Agbas > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Agbas Flashcards

1
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Mitochondria: inner membrane

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2
Q

What cycle creates ATP?

A

TCA and ETC

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3
Q

What is involved in stage 1?

A

Degradation of energy nutrients

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4
Q

What is involved in stage 2?

A

Acetyl CoA pool

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5
Q

What is involved in stage 3?

A

Entry of Acetyl CoA into TCA
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

What is PDH/PDC and what is it general make up?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: 3 enzymes and 5 cofactors

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7
Q

What is the function of PDC/PDH?

A

Links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

Generates Acetyl CoA from pyruvate

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8
Q

What type of condition is required for the citric acid cycle and what does that mean?

A

Aerobic

That O2 is present

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9
Q

What is the rate limiting step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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10
Q

What is important about isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

First of 4 oxidation-reduction reactions

Rate limiting step of citric acid cycle

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11
Q

What is the only step that yields a high energy phospho-transfer compound such as GTP and ATP

A

Succinyl CoA synthesase

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12
Q

What does succinate dehydrogenase form while generating FADH2?

A

Fumarate

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13
Q

Where is succinate dehydrogenase found and what is it associated with?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Associated with the electron transport chain (complex II)

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14
Q

Does succinate dehydrogenase release FADH2?

A

No, but electrons are directly passed to Co-Q in the ETC

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15
Q

What are the major regulators of the citric acid cycle?

A

High acetyl CoA inhibits PDH complex subunit E2
NADH inhibits PDH complex subunit E3
Energy charge of the cill dictates PDH complex activity

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16
Q

What is an anaplerotic reaction?

A

“Fill up” reaction, reactions that provide intermediates to replenish the TCA cycle

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17
Q

What are the two major anaplerotic reactions for the TCA cycle?

A

Degradation of amino acids

carboxylation of pyruvate

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18
Q

What amino acids can degrade to form furumate?

A

Phe, Tyr, Asp

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19
Q

What amino acids can degrade to form Succinyl CoA

A

Thr, Met, Ile, Val

20
Q

What amino acids degrade to form alph-ketoglutarate?

A

Gln, Pro, His, Arg

21
Q

How many membranes are present in the mitochondria and what are some identifying characteristics?

A

2
Outer membrane- permeable due to presence of porins
Inner membrane- impermeable, has metobolite transporters, folded into a series of cistrae

22
Q

How many compartments does the mitochondria contain and what are some identifying characteristics?

A

2
Inter-membrane space
Matrix: site of TCA and fatty acid acid oxidation

23
Q

When energy needs are met what is the intermediate oxaloacetate used for?

A

Formation of aspartate and in turn other amino acids, purines, pyrimidines

24
Q

When energy needs are met what is the intermediate citrate used for?

A

Creation of fatty acids and sterols

25
Q

When energy needs are met what is the intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate used for?

A

formation of glutamine and in turn other amino acids and purines

26
Q

What high energy electrons are generated by the TCA cycle and then flow through the ETC?

A

NADH and FADH2

27
Q

How many complexes are found in the ETC?

A

4

28
Q

How does the ETC generate ATP?

A

By passing electrons down the chain using protons that eventually reduce O2 to H2O

29
Q

How many complexes in the ETC pump protons into the inner membrane space?

A

3: 1,3,4

30
Q

Where does NADH enter the ETC?

A

Complex 1

31
Q

Where does FADH2 enter the ETC?

A

Complex 2

32
Q

How do protons return to the matrix?

A

Via ATP synthesase

33
Q

What are the main goals of the OxPhos cycle?

A

Transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2
Establish a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane
Synthesize ATP

34
Q

What is complex 1 in the ETC?

A

NADH Q oxioreductase

35
Q

What is complex 3 in the ETC?

A

Q Cytochrome C oxioreductase

36
Q

What is complex 4 in the ETC?

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

37
Q

What is complex 2 in the ETC?

A

Succinate Q reductase, contains succinate dehydrogenase which generates FADH2 inthe TCA cycle, does NOT pump proteins

38
Q

what is complex 1,3,4 called in the ETC?

A

Repirasome

39
Q

What are the 2 factors that constitutes a proton motive force

A

pH gradient

Membrane potential

40
Q

What are the three postulates of the Chemiosmotic theory?

A

Mitochondrial ETC translocates protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane as electron flow from one ETC complex to the next
ATP synthase uses the proton motive force to drive phosphorylation of ADP
The inner membrane is impermeable to H+ and OH- ions and if the membrane is disrupted a pmf cannot be established

41
Q

What does ATP synthase do?

A

Forms dimers, dimers then form oligomers
Stabilize individuals molecules to rotational forces required for catalysis
Maintains curvature in inner membrane which allows the proton gradient to be in close proximity to ATP synthase

42
Q

What are the 2 shuttle systems that help NADH to cross the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle

Glycerophosphate shuttle

43
Q

Where does the malate-aspartate shuttle function?

A

Heart, liver, kidneys, generates NADH in the mito-matrix

44
Q

Where does the glycerophosphate shuttle function?

A

Brain and skeletal muscle, generates FADH2 in the inner mito-membrane

45
Q

What happens when the transfer of electrons is inhibited?

A

Decrease in pumping protons
Decrease in pumping gradient
inhibition of ATP synthesis

KCU Biochem Exam 3 (3 decks)

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