Exam 3 Review

Question 1

Name one of the three frequency measures used in the assessment of stuttering.

Answer 1

Percentage of stuttering-like disfluencies per total disfluencies
Percentage of stuttering-like disfluencies per total words
Percentage of total disfluencies per total words

Question 2

Stuttering is considered to be bidirectional in nature because people who stutter tend to stutter most when….

Answer 2

When they are talking to another person (in conversation)

Question 3

This is the type of stuttering that consists primarily of word substitutions and avoidances as means to hide disfluencies.

Answer 3

Covert stuttering

Question 4

These are the types of behaviors that persons who stutter produce to help them get out of the moment of stuttering.

Answer 4

Secondary Behaviors

Question 5

Name three types of stuttering-like disfluencies

Answer 5

What is monosyllabic word rep, audible sound prolongation, blocks, syllable and sound reps?

Question 6

Name two types of nonstuttering-like disfluencies.

Answer 6

Revisions, phrase repetitions, interjections

Question 7

True or false. People who stutter know the word that they are trying to say (that is, they will never say to you I am stuttering because I am not quite sure of what I want to say).

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Name and describe the two fundamental treatment approaches to stuttering.

Answer 8

What is fluency shaping and stuttering modification?

Question 9

What is the gender ratio in stuttering?

Answer 9

3 males to 1 female

Question 10

Provide at least two altered means of speaking wherein people who stutter temporarily tend to be more fluent

Answer 10

Singing, talking to babies or animals, talking when using delayed auditory feedback, when alone, when acting

Question 11

What is one of the more common stereotypes of stuttering?

Answer 11

People stutter because they are anxious or nervous

Question 12

Name at least three characteristics of a child who would fit the recovery profile.

Answer 12

• Onset before age 3
• Female
• Measurable decrease in sound/syllable and word repetitions, and sound prolongations, overtime, observed relatively soon postonset
• No family history of stuttering or a family history of recovery
• No coexisting phonological problems

Question 13

This strategy helps persons who stutter to face their fear of stuttering by purposefully exposing it rather than avoiding it.

Answer 13

Stuttering modification, voluntary stuttering and/or self-disclosure

Question 14

Provide two types of fluency facilitating strategies that both parents and clinicians should use with preschoolers who stutter.

Answer 14

slow rate and pausing

Question 15

What are you able to see in flexible stroboscopy that you can’t see in rigid?

Answer 15

singing, speaking, and swallowing

Question 16

Name the non-biological function of the larynx.

Answer 16

Phonation

Question 17

Why do adolescents sound different than infants?

Answer 17

There is a physiological change in the vocal folds such that you have complete differentiation of the three layers of the lamina propria

Question 18

The unique characteristic of this disorder is that the patients speak with a whisper.

Answer 18

functional aphonia

Question 19

A person with this disorder will use an extremely high pitch as their main mode of phonation.

Answer 19

mutational falsetto/ puberphonia

Question 20

This disorder is caused by severe dehydration and results in excessive mucous on the vocal folds.

Answer 20

Laryngitis sicca

Question 21

This disorder can occur unilaterally and can also have a sudden onset after a night of excessive screaming.

Answer 21

Vocal fold polyp

Question 22

This common voice disorder occurs most frequently in boys ages 5-10 and adult females.

Answer 22

Vocal nodules

Question 23

Name one of the strategies that can used to help a person find their fundamental frequency

Answer 23

Coughing, gargling, humming, etc and then redirecting that into phonation?

Question 24

If a person states that their voice is worse at the end of the day than it is at the beginning, what does this indicate? What does the opposite indicate?

Answer 24

Severe abuse/misuse or reflux

Question 25

This is the reason why persons who stutter were initially misperceived to be less intelligent than person who do not stutter.

Answer 25

When comparing the IQ of the group of persons who stutter to those who did not, the researchers included person’s with Down Syndrome in the stuttering group

Question 26

Which of the following is not harmful to the vocal folds: whispering or mouth breathing?

Answer 26

Neither – that is both can be potentially harmful? Most people produce harsh whisper and it is better to breathe through nose as it both filters and humidifies air that ultimately reaches folds

Question 27

This voice disorder results from the child passing through the birth canal of a mother who has an STD.

Answer 27

papilloma

Question 28

This is the theory that was the impetus for the Monster Study.

Answer 28

stuttering begins in the ear of the listener not the mouth of the speaker

Question 29

Provide two potential contributors to reflux.

Answer 29

smoking and eating right before you go to sleep

Question 30

We reviewed the speech easy device including watching a clip on Oprah’s medical miracles. Briefly describe how this device works and why it is not a cure (despite what Oprah said).

Answer 30

It uses frequency altered feedback and delayed auditory feedback such that the person feels as though they are talking along with someone else, and what is although most people show initial gains in fluency, this is more of a novelty effect that does not yet appear to be maintained over a significant period of time