Exam 3 Review

Question 1

Ainsworth’s strange situation

Answer 1

The strange situation is a standardized procedure devised by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships. It applies to infants between the age of nine and 18 months.

Question 2

Attachment styles

Answer 2

Attachment styles are characterized by different ways of interacting and behaving in relationships. During early childhood, these attachment styles are centered on how children and parents interact.

In adulthood, attachment styles are used to describe patterns of attachment in romantic relationships. The concept of attachment styles grew out the attachment theory and research that emerged throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Today, psychologists typically recognize four main attachment styles

Question 3

Availability heuristic

Answer 3

The availability heuristic, also known as availability bias, is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

Question 4

Basic emotions

Answer 4

Sadness An emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, or hopelessness .

Happiness A pleasant emotional state that elicits feelings of joy, contentment, and satisfaction …

Fear is A primal emotion that is important to survival and triggers a fight or flight response.

Anger An emotional state leading to feelings of hostility and frustration

Surprise

Disgust

Question 5

Functional fixedness

Answer 5

Functional fixedness is what’s called a cognitive bias. This means that your brain is used to thinking of a particular thing in a specific way, which limits your ability to think of it in a new or innovative way.

Question 6

Gender differences

Answer 6

Gender Differences Differences between males and females can be based on (a) actual gender differences (i.e., men and women are actually different in some abilities),

Question 7

Gender roles

Answer 7

Gender roles refer to the role or behaviors learned by a person as appropriate to their gender and are determined by the dominant cultural norms.

Question 8

Gender schemas

Answer 8

Gender schema theory proposes that children create a cognitive schema of gender that they derive from the norms of their culture.

The theory accounts for four gender categories, which can be measured with the Bem Sex Role Inventory: sex-typed, cross-sex typed, androgynous, and undifferentiated.

Question 9

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer 9

The primary difference between the two types of motivation is that extrinsic motivation arises from outside of the individual while intrinsic motivation arises from within.
Researchers have also found that the two type of motivation can differ in how effective they are at driving behavior

Question 10

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

Self-Actualization (morality, Creativity, Spontaneity,Problem Solving, lack of prejudice,acceptance of facts)

Esteem (self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others)

Love/Belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy)

Safety (security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property)

Physiological (Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion)

Question 11

Mental set

Answer 11

A mental set is a tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past. This type of fixed thinking can make it difficult to come up with solutions and can impede the problem-solving process. For example, imagine that you are trying to solve a math problem in your algebra class.

Question 12

Need for achievement

Answer 12

Need for achievement ( N-Ach) is an individual’s desire for significant accomplishment, mastering of skills, control, or high standards. The term was first used by Henry Murray and associated with a range of actions. These include: “intense, prolonged and repeated efforts to accomplish something difficult.

Question 13

Need for affiliation

Answer 13

The need for affiliation (N-Affil) is a term that was popularized by David McClelland and describes a person’s need to feel a sense of involvement and “belonging” within a social group;

Question 14

Need for power

Answer 14

Need for Power Definition Need for power is defined as the desire to control or influence others. It is not necessarily associated with actually having power, but instead with the desire to have power.

Question 15

Needs versus incentives

Answer 15

Needs Drives Incentives Motives An incentive may be defined as object, a situation of an activity which excites, maintains and directs behaviour.

Question 16

Projective tests

Answer 16

Projective tests are methods of personality assessment in which some degree of ambiguity in the test stimuli or instructions creates opportunities for subjects to structure their responses in terms of their individual personality characteristics, and thereby provide information about the nature of these characteristics

Question 17

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 17

The representativeness heuristic, also known as representativeness bias, is a type of mental shortcut we use to judge the probability of an event or object. In other words, we jump to conclusions about something or someone on the basis of how representative the particular case is.

Question 18

Self-actualization

Answer 18

Self-actualization, in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, is the highest level of psychological development, where the personal potential is fully realized after basic bodily and ego needs have been fulfilled.

Question 19

Sexual orientation

Answer 19

Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender.

Question 20

Stages of grief

Answer 20

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Question 21

Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 21

The Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT, is a type of projective test that involves describing ambiguous scenes. Popularly known as the “picture interpretation technique,” it was developed by American psychologists Henry A.

Question 22

Theories of emotions

Answer 22

Physiological theories suggest that responses within the body are responsible for emotions.

Neurological theories propose that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses.

Cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental activities play an essential

Question 23

Units of speech

Answer 23

The process of external realization of oral speech (speaking) is carried out through the production (pronouncing) of a syllable, in a typical variant - a stable combination of two or three sounds, or one - a vowel sound.