Exam 3 Review Flashcards
Process that results in a decrease in glycogen levels
Glycogenolysis
Process of glyconeogenesis is the exact opposite of ___
Glycolysis
When energy input exceeds energy output, the body is in a state of ___ energy balance
Positive
In which state do most cells metabolize proteins and fats?
Post-absorptive
Which hormone causes the body to transition to the absorptive state?
Insulin
A person with damaged alpha cells will most likely have which condition?
Hypoglycemia
Hormone that decreases glycogenolysis
Insulin
Increasing insulin levels will ___ urine output
Decrease
An overdose of insulin may result in which condition?
Hypoglycemic coma
Smooth muscle will be controlled by the brain through ___ fibers
Efferent
Cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called ___
Ganglia
Which type of glial cells produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Ependymal cells
___ ion has more “leak” channels
K+
As the membrane potential approaches the equilibrium potential for an ion, the current gets:
Smaller
A post-synaptic potential that moves the membrane potential farther from threshold would ___
Hyperpolarization
Temporal summation involves ___ pre-synaptic input
1
during the falling phase of an action potential, the membrane potential moves toward ___
Ek
At rest, the activation gate for most voltage-gated Na+ channels is:
Closed
During the absolute refractory period, all voltage-gated Na+ channels are ___
Already open OR inactivated
A larger stimulus will result in ___ action potentials
More frequent
*action potentials are all exact same size
Chemical synapses are ___ meaning one direction
Unidirectional
Ion that is directly responsible for neurotransmitter release at a synapse
Ca++
Binding of acetylcholine to nicotine receptors will produce __
EPSP
Type of receptors that are blocked by atropine
Muscarinic
Language understanding begins in ___ area
Wernicke’s
Increasing the # of AMPA receptors will make the cell more permeable to ___
Na+
This might be a typical response to ___:
- change in membrane potential from -70 to -90
Glycine
GABA receptors are permeable to ___
Cl-
Process in which new glucose molecules are synthesized (created) from proteins and fat; carried out by liver
Gluconeogenesis
Amount of energy (heat + work) released per unit time
Metabolic rate
Metabolic rate is influenced by ___ (5 things)
- muscular activity
- age
- gender
- body surface area
- environmental temperature
Type of work involving the formation of chemical bonds (anabolism)
Chemical work
Type of work involving movement of molecules across membranes (active transport, endo/exocytosis)
Transport work
Metabolic rate of a person who is awake, lying down, physically/ mentally relaxed, and fasted for 12 hours; roughly equal to rate of oxygen consumption
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Energy input - energy output = energy ___
stored
Work performed + heat released = energy ___
Output
Energy input > energy output is a ___ energy balance
Positive
Energy input < energy output is a ___ energy balance
Negative
3-4 hours following a meal, positive energy balance, energy stored
Absorptive state
B/w meals, negative energy balance, energy mobilized; glucose sparing
Post-absorptive state
Cells that store fat (triglycerides); 20-30% body weight (normal); 75-80% total energy reserves
Adipocytes/ adipose tissue
Transitions b/w absorptive and post absorptive states are regulated by ___ (3 things)
Insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine
Lowers blood sugar; synthesis of energy storage molecules, anabolic hormone
Insulin
Insulin’s release is ___ during absorptive state
Increased
Insulin’s release is ___ during post absorptive state
Decreased
Insulin is produced by __ cells in islets of Langerhans pancreas
Beta
Antagonist to insulin; catabolic hormone
Glucagon
Glucagon’s release is ___ during absorptive state
Decreased
Glucagon’s release is ___ during post absorptive state
Increased
Glucagon is produced by ___ cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Alpha
Fasting blood glucose > 140 mg/dL, indicative of diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
Fasting blood glucose < 60 mg/dL, bad for CNS
Hypoglycemia
Sympathetic nervous system product; adrenaline, suppresses insulin and stimulates glucagon; primarily important during stress reactions, energy for fight/flight
Epinephrine
Epinephrine promotes what absorptive process?
Post-absorptive
Diabetes that is insulin-dependent; juvenile onset 5-10%
Type 1
Diabetes that is insulin-dependent, adult onset 90-95%
Type 2
Acute effects of diabetes (3 things)
Ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar (non-ketonic) coma, and hypoglycemia coma
Decrease in blood pH due to buildup of acidic ketones; direct result of hyperglycemia
Ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemia causes ___ urine output
Increased
Coma caused by extreme hyperglycemia leading to increased blood osmolarity
Hyperosmolar (non-ketonic) coma
Coma caused by accidental insulin overdoes as part of diabetes treatment
Hypoglycemia coma
Signals AWAY from brain
Efferent
Voluntary efferent signals, motor neurons to skeletal muscle are ___
Somatic
Involuntary efferent signals are ___
Autonomic
Autonomic efferent signals; neurons to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are ___
Sympathetic
Autonomic efferent signals; enteric nervous system (neurons to GI tract) are ___
Parasympathetic
Signals TO brain
Afferents
Afferent signals (skin, muscles, joint-pain) are ___ senses
Somatic
Afferent signals (hearing, vision, equilibrium, smell, taste) are ___ senses
Special
Afferent signals (internal- stomach fullness, blood pressure, pH) are ___ senses
Visceral
3 types of neurons
Afferents, interneurons, and efferents
Cell bodies grouped in nuclei; axons grouped in bundles or comissures
CNS
Cell bodies grouped in ganglia; axons grouped together in nerves
PNS
Type of glial cell:
- development
- maintenance of extra cellular environment
Astrocytes
Type of glial cell:
- lining of ventricles
Ependymal
Type of glial cell:
- immune response
Microglia
Type of glial cell:
- myelin for CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Type of glial cell:
- myelin for PNS
Schwann cells
___ mV is the resting membrane potential of most cells
-70
2 things that determine the resting membrane potential
Concentration gradients and relative permeability
Most permeable ion under resting conditions
K+
Actual movement of ions across membrane
Ionic current
Small electrical signals (above threshold); all are EXACT same size, doesn’t increase with distance traveled
Action potentials
Depolarization that brings the post-synaptic cell closer to threshold
Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)
Hyperpolarization that pushes post-synaptic potential further from threshold
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
In ___ summation, one cell stimulates another cell twice before the first response has had a chance to die down, two or more sub-threshold stimuli add up to allow post-synaptic cell to reach threshold
Temporal
In ___ summation, two or more cells send simultaneous sub-threshold stimuli to a cell that add up to get the post-synaptic cell above threshold
Spatial
What phase:
- action potential phase in which Na+ channel activation gates open
Phase 1
What phase:
- action potential phase in which Na+ channel inactivation closes, and K+ channel activation gates open
Phase 2
What phase:
- action potential phase in which K+ channel activation gates close
(Na+ channel inactivation gates open, and Na+ channel activation gates close)
Phase 3
Period of time following action potential in which no stimulus of any strength can generate another action potential
Absolute refractory period
Period of time following action potential in which another action potential can be generated, but a much stronger stimulus must be used
Relative refractory period
Gap junctions, ions and second messengers flow directly from one cell to another, can be bidirectional, and act to synchronize electrical activity
Electrical synapses
Sends chemicals (neurotransmitters) across synaptic cleft, unidirectional
Chemical synapses
Type of postsynaptic response that is mediated by channel-linked receptors; fast
Ionotropic
Type of postsynaptic response that is mediated by G protein coupled receptors
Metabotropic
Synapses in which PSP is depolarizing, brings membrane potential closer to AP threshold
Excitatory synapses
Synapses in which PSP bring membrane potential away from AP threshold
Inhibitory synapses
Process by which cells become more efferent at communication via synaptic transmission
Long-term potentation (LTP)
Memory of simple skills, how to do things
nondeclarative (implicit)
Memory of things that can be verbalized
Declarative (explicit)
Brain waves collected by external electrodes on scalp
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Involves slow, poorly articulated speech; no impairment in understanding, controls motor aspects of speech
Brocha’s aphasia
Involves production of rapid speech w/ no meaning, language (spoken and written) comprehension is destroyed; controls understanding of words
Wernicke’s aphasia
Process that results in a decrease in glycogen levels
Glycogenolysis
Process of gluconeogenesis is exact opposite of ___
Glycolysis
When energy input exceeds energy output, the body is in state of __ energy balance
Positive
State when most cells metabolize proteins and fats
Post-absorptive
Hormone that causes body to transition to absorptive state
Insulin
Inhibitory synapses in PNS use ___ ion
Cl-
Molecules that results in longer-lasting neurotransmitter release during LTP
Nitric oxide
Type of memory that is NOT usually affected in amnesia patients
Nondeclarative
__ is an adenosine receptor antagonist
Caffeine
Word understanding is controlled by __ area of the brain
Wernicke’s
