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Microbiology > Exam 3: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 3: Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathogen causing strep throat

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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2
Q

Pharynx appears red, swollen, lymph nodes, with pus pockets covering the tonsils

A

Strep throat

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3
Q

Pus pockets

A

Purulent abscesses covering tonsils

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4
Q

Main symptoms of strep throat

A
  • Sore throat with difficulty swallowing

* *Pus pockets on back of throat

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5
Q

Spread of strep throat

A

Respiratory droplets

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6
Q

Strep throat is Most common in

A

Children ages 5-15

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7
Q

Treatment for strep throat

A

Antibiotics to prevent development of rheumatic fever/heart disease

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8
Q

Complications of strep throat

A

Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever/ heart disease
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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9
Q

Scarlet fever AKA

A

Scarletina

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10
Q

Development of scarlet fever

A

a couple of days with strep throat and then pyrogenic toxins trigger diffuse rash

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11
Q

Rash causes by scarlet fever

A
  • Begins on chest, spreads across body
  • Tongue becomes strawberry red
  • Rash disappears after a week with skin sloughing
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12
Q

Pathogen of scarlet fever

A

Accompanies strep throat

-lysogenized strain of streptococcus pyogenes

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13
Q

Diphtheria develops a

A

Pseudomembrane that adheres to posterior throat structures

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14
Q

Pseudomembrane in diphtheria can

A

Occlude airway and results in sufffocation/death

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15
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Pathogen of diphtheria

  • produces diphtheria toxin
  • snapping fission, forms palisade arrangement
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16
Q

Diphtheria is symptomatic in

A

Immunocompromised or non-immune patients

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17
Q

Spread of diphtheria

A

Respiratory droplets or skin contact

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18
Q

Diagnosis of diphtheria based on

A

Presence of pseudomembrane

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19
Q

Diphtheria is treated with

A

Antitoxin and antibiotics

-severe cases with blocked airways may be opened surgically with a tracheotomy

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20
Q

DTap, TDaP

A

Immunization for diphtheria

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21
Q

Diphtheria is a _____ upper respiratory infection

A

Dangerous/ can be fatal

Uncommon

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22
Q

Generally, upper respiratory infections are ___________ than lower respiratory infections

A

Less severe

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23
Q

Sinusitis causes

A

Pain and pressure of affected sinus along with malaise

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24
Q

Otitis media causes severe pain in

A

The ears

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25
Q

Pathogens causing sinusitis and otitis media

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  2. Haemophilus influenzae b
  3. Staphylococcus aureus
  4. Moraxella catarrhalis
  5. Streptococcus pyogenes
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26
Q

Most common Otitis Media pathogen

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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27
Q

Most common sinusitis pathogen

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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28
Q

Sinusitis is most common in

A

Adults

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29
Q

Otitis media is most common in

A

Children

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30
Q

In sinusitis and Otitis Media, bacteria is spread to ______ via the ______

A

Spread to the sinuses via the throat

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31
Q

Treatment of sinusitis

A

Neti pots can help

Avoiding dairy while congested (thickens mucus)

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32
Q

Treatment for otitis media and sinusitis

A

Antibiotics in severe cases

Adjusting (lots of evidence to back this up)

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33
Q

Pathogens causing common cold

A
  1. rhinovirus
  2. coronaviruses
  3. Adenovirus
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34
Q

The common cold is a _____ infection

A

Viral

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35
Q

Rhinoviruses are

A

Highly infective

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36
Q

Spread of the common cold

A

Coughing/sneezing, fomites, person to person contact

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37
Q

Best prevention for the common cold

A

Hand washing

Cough/sneeze into elbow

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38
Q

Pleconaril

A

Anti-viral medication that can reduce the duration of the common cold

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39
Q

Bacterial pneumonia is a _____ respiratory bacterial disease

A

Lower

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40
Q

Lungs with bacterial pneumonia are

A

Inflamed and have fluid-filled alveoli and bronchioles

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41
Q

Bacterial pneumonia are most common in

A

Adults; severity increases with age

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42
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia AKA

A

Typical pneumonia

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43
Q

Signs of pneumococcal pneumonia

A

RUST-COLORED SPUTUM, short rapid breathing, high fever, cough

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44
Q

Pathogen causing pneumococcal pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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45
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia causes infection by

A

Inhalation of bacteria

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46
Q

A _____ is needed to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia

A

Chest x-ray- consolidation will show up

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47
Q

Once bacteria gets into lungs in pneumococcal pneumonia

A

Lungs are damaged causing consolidation

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48
Q

Consolidation

A

Area of pus and fluid in the lungs

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49
Q

Vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia

A

PCV

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50
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumonia AKA

A

Primary Atypical Pneumonia or “walking pneumonia”

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51
Q

Mycoplasmal pneumonia can be

A

Asymptomatic

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52
Q

Mycoplasmal pneumonia pathogen

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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53
Q

Spread of mycoplasmal pneumonia

A

Nasal secretions

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54
Q

Klebsiella Pneumnoia symptoms

A

Pneumonia symptoms plus currant jelly sputum

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55
Q

Currant jelly sputum

A

Thick, bloody sputum

Dark red, very bloody

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56
Q

Pathogen causing Klebsiella pneumonia

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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57
Q

Klebsiella pneumonia is an _____ infection and is common in _____ patients

A

Opportunistic infection; common in immunocompromised patients (especially older adults)

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58
Q

Haemophilus influenzae b and staphylococcus aureus infections are

A

Similar to pneumococccal pneumonia

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59
Q

Yersinia petis

A

Pneumonic plague

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60
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

A

Causes pneumonia and bronchitis

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61
Q

Ornithosis AKA

A

Psittacosis

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62
Q

Symptoms of ornithosis

A

Flu-like symptoms within 10 days of exposure, may resemble primary atypical pneumonia

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63
Q

Pathogen causing ornithosis

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

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64
Q

Transmission of ornithosis

A
  • Inhalation of aerosolized feces or respiratory secretions
  • ingested from fingers or fomites
  • direct beak-to-mouth contact
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65
Q

Legionnaires’ Disease is a ________ respiratory disease

A

Lower

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66
Q

Legionella pneumophila is the pathogen of what disease

A

Legionnaires’ disease

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67
Q

Legionella pneumophila can also cause

A

Pontiac fever

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68
Q

Pontiac fever

A

Non-fatal flulike illness

Like legionnaires’ disease but without the pneumonia

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69
Q

Spread of legionnaires’ disease

A

Humans inhale bacteria in aerosols from water sources (showers, vaporizers, whirlpools, hot tubs, AC, grocery store misters)

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70
Q

People at risk for getting legionnaires’ disease

A

Elderly, smokers, and immunocompromised

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71
Q

Tuberculosis is caused by

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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72
Q

Primary TB is common in

A

Children

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73
Q

TB forms a

A

Granuloma or tubercle

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74
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

The center of the granuloma or tubercle is cheese-like and decays/necroses

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75
Q

When the center of the granuloma/tubercle fills with air it is a

A

Tuberculous cavity

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76
Q

Ghon’s complex

A

Tubercle plus lymph node calcification

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77
Q

Secondary TB is common in

A

People with suppressed immune systems

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78
Q

Disseminated TB

A

When infection spreads through the body via blood and lymph

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79
Q

Consumption

A

Wasting of body from multiple sites; seen in disseminated TB

80
Q

Diagnosis of TB

A
  1. Tuberculin skin test

2. Chest X-ray

81
Q

Treatment of TB

A
  • Combination antimicrobial treatment for months

- immunization (BCG vaccine)

82
Q

Pertussis AKA

A

Whooping Cough

83
Q

Characteristic cough that develops with pertussis

A

“Whooping” sound

84
Q

Pertussis progresses through _____ stages

A

4

  1. Incubation
  2. Catarrhal
  3. Paroxysmal
  4. Convalescent
85
Q

Pathogen causing pertussis

A

Bordetella pertussis

86
Q

TB in spine

A

Pott’s Disease

87
Q

TB is spread via

A

Respiratory droplets

88
Q

People most at risk for TB

A

Immunocompromised

-leading killer of HIV+ individuals

89
Q

TB is considered a _____disease because of _________

A

Re-emerging disease because of drug-resistant strains (MDR, XDR)

90
Q

Pertussis is _________ and spread trough ______

A

Highly contagious and spread trough airborne droplets

91
Q

Most cases of Pertussis are in ______ and it is a _______ disease

A

Children; reemerging

92
Q

During which phase of whooping cough is the “whoop” present in the cough?

A

Paroxysmal phase

93
Q

Coughing fits caused by pertussis are called

A

Peroxisms

94
Q

Epiglottitis is caused by

A

Haemophilus influenza b

95
Q

Tripod position

A

Sitting upright and leaning slightly forward to breath, caused by epiglottitis

96
Q

Transmission of epiglottitis

A

Person to person, direct contact, droplet inhalation

97
Q

Epiglottitis is most commmon in

A

Children

98
Q

Epiglottitis

A

Swelling of the epiglottis that will ultimately block the airway, causing a medial emergency

99
Q

Symptoms of epiglottitis

A

Strider (loud breathing), chills, cyanosis, drooling, difficulty breathing and swallowing, hoarseness

100
Q

Epiglottis is a

A

Medial emergency requiring immediate medial help

101
Q

Prevention of epiglottitis

A

Hib vaccine

102
Q

Pathogen of inhalation anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

103
Q

Bacillus antthracis forms

A

Endospores

104
Q

Symptoms of inhalation anthrax

A

Initially resembles cold or flue and progresses to a high fever, difficulty breathing, shock and death

105
Q

Anthrax is spread

A

By inhalation of endospores…. NOT person to person

106
Q

Inhalation anthrax is _____ in humans and has a ______ mortality rate

A

Rare in humans and has a high mortality rate

107
Q

Mortality rate of anthrax

A

Almost 100%, early treatment can save about 50%

108
Q

Influenza is caused by

A

The influenza virus type A and B

109
Q

Influenza virus AKA

A

Orthomyxovirus

110
Q

Influenza is a

A

Respiratory infection

111
Q

Major difference in symptoms between common cold and influenza

A

Myalgia

112
Q

Type A and B influenza virus have

A

Two special pieces of proteins

113
Q

Special pieces of proteins in type A and B influenza viruses

A

Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na)

114
Q

Mutations causing Ha and Na to produce new strains

A

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift

115
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Small changes to Ha and Na pieces

116
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Viruses jump between different animals and get brand new Ha or Na pieces so they look brand new

117
Q

Cause of influenza pandemics

A

Antigenic shift, makes a totally different virus that couldn’t be predicted

118
Q

Transmission of influenza

A

Inhalation of virus or by self-inoculation

119
Q

Flu patients are

A

Susceptible to secondary bacterial infections because the lung epithelium is damaged

120
Q

Complications of the flu are common in

A

Elderly, children, and those with chronic diseases

121
Q

Treatment of influenza

A

Anti-virals that must be administered within first 48 hours of infection

122
Q

Prevention of influenza

A

Flu vaccine

123
Q

Flu vaccine is protective against

A

Only the flu strains (3 strains) included in the vaccine

124
Q

Famous strains of influenza

A

1918 Spanish flu
1957 Asian flu
1968 Hong Kong Flu

125
Q

1918 Spanish flu pandemic lasted for _____ years and killed ______people

A

Lasted for 2 years and killed more than 50 million people

126
Q

The Asian flu killed

A

About 2 million people

127
Q

Hong Kong flu was _____ and killed ______

A

Milder; about 1 million people

128
Q

The most significant infectious diseases single event to ever happen

A

1918 Spanish flu

129
Q

2003 Bird Flu

A

Found in 400 people, killed over 200 of them

130
Q

2009 “Swine” Flu

A

Ancestor to 1918 flu

Killed more than 18,000 people

131
Q

Bronchitis caused by

A

90% viral

10% bacterial

132
Q

Viruses causing bronchitis

A

Rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and influenza

133
Q

Bacterial causing bronchitis

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, bordetella pertussis

134
Q

Transmission of bronchitis

A

Person to person via direct or indirect contact

135
Q

Treatment for acute bronchitis is

A

Symptomatic: NSAIDs, decongestants, expectorants, antitussives, inhalers

136
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) caused by

A

Coronavirus AKA SARS virus

137
Q

SARS virus is spread by

A

Respiratory droplets

138
Q

Treatment of SARS

A

No treatment or vaccine

Prevented by quarantine

139
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

A

Starts as a mild URI and progresses to a LRI

140
Q

RSV can be _____ if these signs are present:

A

Fatal;

Bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, rapid breathing

141
Q

If fatal signs are observed in RSV infection it can be called

A

Bronchiolitis

142
Q

Pathogen of Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (pneumovirus)

143
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus AKA

A

RSV

144
Q

RSV is transmitted via

A

Fomites, hands, and respiratory droplets

145
Q

MC childhood lower respiratory infection

A

RSV

146
Q

Treatment of bronchiolitis

A

Supportive treatment including oxygen therapy

147
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

A

Resembles the flu, once the infection spreads it causes widespread inflammation and can progress to shock and labored breathing

148
Q

HPS can be

A

Fatal

149
Q

Pathogen causing HPS

A

Hantavirus

150
Q

HPS is considered an

A

Emerging disease

151
Q

Transmission of HPS

A

Inhalation of visions in dried mouse urine or feces

NOT person to person

152
Q

Treatment for HPS

A

No specific treatment

153
Q

Croup has a characteristic

A

“Seal-bark” cough

154
Q

Croup is caused by

A

Parainfluenza virus (75% of cases)

-could be: RSV, Measles, adenovirus, influenza

155
Q

Croup is most common in

A

Children between 3 months and 5 years old

156
Q

Transmission of croup

A

Respiratory droplets and person to person contact

157
Q

Diagnosis of croup

A

Characteristic seal-bark cough

Supportive treatment unless case is severe (hospitalization, breathing treatments, intubation)

158
Q

Coccidioidycosis AKA

A

San Joaquin Valley Fever

159
Q

60% of patients with Coccidioidomycosis show

A

No or few symptoms, they resolve on their own

160
Q

Coccidioidomycosis only spreads to other sites of the body in

A

Immunocompromised patients

161
Q

Pathogen of Coccidioidomycosis

A

Coccidioides immitis

162
Q

Coccidioides immitis

A

Pathogen assumes yeast for at human body temperature

163
Q

Spread of Coccidioidomycosis

A

Only in southwestern U.S. and norther Mexico

Fungal spores from soil enter the body through inhalation

164
Q

Vehicle of infection of Coccidioidomycosis

A

Dust from endemic areas that coats materials

- Native American pots and blankets that are sold to tourists

165
Q

Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis

A

Presence of spherules, treated with amphotericin B if it doesn’t resolve.

166
Q

If Coccidioidomycosis spreads to the CNS

A

Fatal if untreated

167
Q

Blastomycosis AKA

A

Gilchrist’s disease

168
Q

Symptoms of blastomycosis

A

Flu-like: muscle aches, cough, fever, chills, malaise, weight loss

169
Q

Blasomycosis will _____ in most people except those that are:

A

Resolve; immunocompromised

170
Q

Pathogen of blastomycosis

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

171
Q

Blastomycosis is endemic to

A

Southeastern US north to Canada

172
Q

Spread of blastomycosis

A

Enters body through inhalation of dust carrying fungal sports

Emerging disease

173
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis

A

Produces chronic inflammatory disease of mucous membranes and creates painful ulceration of the gums, tongue, lips, and palate

174
Q

Pathogen of paracoccidioidomycosis

A

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

175
Q

Transmission of Paracoccidioidomycosis

A

Inhalation

176
Q

Histoplasmosis AKA

A

Ohio River Valley disease

177
Q

Percent of patrons with histoplasmosis that are asymptomatic

A

95%, in most people

Only 5% develop clinical histoplasmosis

178
Q

Clinical histoplasmosis

A

Coughing with bloody sputum or skin lesions

Only in immunocompromised patients

179
Q

Pathogen causing histoplasmosis

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

180
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is the

A

Most common fungal pathogen affecting humans

181
Q

Histoplasosis is found

A

In midwestern US, along Ohio River valley and lower Mississippi River

Also found in Africa and Asia

182
Q

Histoplasmosis fungi is found

A

In soils containing high nitrogen levels (droppings of bats and birds) near rivers/ lakes/ ponds

183
Q

Spread of histoplasmosis

A

Humans inhale airborne spores from the soil

184
Q

Histoplasmosis is diagnosed by

A

A granuloma on a chest X-ray

185
Q

Histoplasmosis infection found in _______ individuals typically resolves _______ treatment

A

Immunocompetent patients; resolves without treatment

186
Q

Pneumocytosis Penumonia (PCP)

A

Infection in immmunocompetent is asymptomatic, with lasting immunity

187
Q

PCP caused by

A

Pneumoocystis jirovecii

188
Q

PCP resembles a _____ more than ______

A

Protozoa more than fungi

189
Q

PCP is transmitted by

A

Inhalation of droplets

190
Q

PCP is a common _________ fungal infection in _______ patients

A

Opportunistic fungal infection in AIDS patients

191
Q

Presence of _______ is diagnostic of AIDS

A

PCP

192
Q

Treatment of PCP

A

Antiprotozoan drugs

193
Q

Aspergillosis most common causes

A

Allergies

194
Q

Aspergillosis is caused by

A

Fungi in genus aspergillus

195
Q

Transmission of aspergillosis

A

Inhalation of fungal spores

196
Q

Aspergillosis is a ____ disease because of

A

Emerging disease; found in marijuana, on the rise because of use of medical marijuana

Microbiology (11 decks)

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