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Research Methods in Psych > Exam 3 Research Methods > Flashcards

Exam 3 Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Forced Choice question?

A

Respondents pick the best of two or more choices
(Ex: yes or no)

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2
Q

What is an Open-Ended question?

A

Respondents may answer any way they like

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3
Q

What is a Likert Scale question?

A

Survey format using a rating scale containing multiple response options
with anchors (1-5 strongly disagree, neither agree nor disagree, strongly
agree)

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4
Q

What is Semantic Differential question?

A

Survey format using a rating scale containing contrasting adjectives (1-5 Bad to Good)

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5
Q

What is a Double-barreled question?

A

Problematic question that asks two questions in one
(Ex: How much do you enjoy collecting and analyzing data?)

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6
Q

What is a Double Negative question?

A

Negatively phrased statements that make wording complicated or confusing
(Ex: I don’t want nothing to do with her)

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7
Q

What is a Leading question?

A

Wording encourages one response more than others
(Ex: Our company’s pizza rolls are the best aren’t they?)

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8
Q

Define: Order Effects

A

The order questions are asked in can affect responses

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9
Q

Define: Observer Effects

A

A change in behavior of study participants in the direction of
observer expectations

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10
Q

Define: Observer bias

A

Bias that occurs when observer expectations influence the
interpretation of behaviors or outcome of the study

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11
Q

Define: Reactivity

A

A change in behavior of participants due to being aware they are being watched

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12
Q

Define: Acquiescence: (AKA: yea: saying)

A

Saying yes to every item or strongly agree

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13
Q

Define: Naysaying

A

saying no to every item or strongly disagree

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14
Q

Define: Fence sitting:

A

playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale for
every item

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15
Q

Define: Social Desirability Bias

A

Giving answers that making one look better

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16
Q

Define: Population

A

Larger group from which a sample is drawn

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17
Q

Define: Sample

A

Group of people, animals, or cases used in a study

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18
Q

Define: Census

A

Set of observations that contains all members of population of interest

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19
Q

Define: Oversampling

A

Researcher intentionally overrepresent one or more groups

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20
Q

What is probability sampling?

A

Ensures that the sample is representative of the population

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21
Q

What is nonprobability sampling?

A

Involves
selecting individuals based on convenience or judgment

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22
Q

Define: Convenience sampling

A

Choosing a sample based on those who are easiest to access and readily available
(Ex: Undergrads in college)

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23
Q

Define: Purposive sampling

A

Participants are chosen on purpose

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24
Q

Define: Snowball sampling

A

Participants asked to recommend acquaintances for the study

25
Define: Quota sampling
Researcher identifies subsets of populations of interest sets a target for number for each category in the sample and non randomly selects individuals within each category until quotas are filled
26
Define: Simple random sampling
Random sample chosen from the population of interest (Ex: Choosing names out of a hat)
27
Define: Systematic sampling
Researchers use a randomly chosen number (N) and counts off every Nth member of the population to achieve a sample
28
Define: Cluster sampling
Cluster of participants within the population selected at random
28
Define: Multistage sampling
Random sample of people within the selected clusters (Involves at least 2 stages)
29
Define: Random sampling
a way of selecting members of a population for your study's sample (everyone has an equal chance of being chosen)
30
Define: Stratified random sampling
Researcher identifies particular demographic categories and then randomly selects individuals within each category
31
Define: Random assignment
a way of sorting the sample into control and experimental groups
32
Define: Bivariate Correlation
An association that involves two variables
33
How can you interpret a correlation coefficient?
-1 to 1; closer to 1 stronger relationship, closer to 0 is weaker Positively correlated: variables change in the same direction Negatively correlated: variables change in opposite directions
34
How can you interpret effect sizes?
The magnitude, or strength, of a relationship between two or more variables Weak (r=.1), moderate (r=.3), strong (r=.5) Larger effect sizes are more important than smaller ones Small effect sizes combined over many people or situations can have an important impact
35
When are confidence intervals statistically significant?
Confidence intervals are expressed like this * [.04, .06] ! does not cross 0 * [-.04, .06] ! does cross 0 Confidence intervals that do not cross 0 are statistically significant
36
Define: Outlier
a score that stands out as either much higher or lower than most of the other scores in a sample
37
How does a moderator inform external validity?
When an association is moderated by residential mobility, type of relationship, day of the week, or some other variable, we know it does not generalize from one of these situations to the others
38
Define: moderator
A variable that (depending on the level) changes the relationship between two other variables
39
Define: Cross sectional
In a longitudinal design, a correlation between two variables that are measured at the same time
40
Define: Autocorrelation
In a longitudinal design, the correlation of one variable with itself, measured at two different times
41
Define: Cross-Lag
In a longitudinal design, a correlation between an earlier measure of one variable & a later measure of another variable
42
In a multiple regression design, ____ variable is to dependent variable as _____ is to independent variable.
Criterion; Predictor
43
Define: Mediator
Variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables
44
Define: Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated
45
Define: Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured
46
Define: Control Variable
Variable that a researcher holds constant on purpose
47
What is a control group?
Level of the IV that is intended to represent “no treatment” or a neutral condition
48
What is a treatment group?
participants exposed to a level of IV that involves a medication, therapy or intervention
49
Define: Design Confound
The experimenter’s mistake in designing IV
50
What is Independent-Groups design?
Different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of the IV Each participant experiences only one level of the IV AKA: between-subjects design or between-groups design
51
What is a within-group design?
Experimental design in which each participant is presented with all levels of the IV AKA: within-subjects design Everyone gets everything
52
What is a posttest-only design?
Experiment using an independent-groups design in which participants are tested on the DV only once
53
What is a pretest/post-test design?
Experiment using an independent-group design in which participants are tested on the key DV twice: once before & once after exposure to the IV
54
What is a repeated measures design?
Experiment using a within-group design in which participants respond to a DV more than once after exposure to each level of the IV
54
Define: Practice effects
type of order effect in which performance improves over time due to becoming practiced at DV measure
55
Define: Carryover effects
type of order effect in which some form of contamination carries over from one condition to the next
56
Define: counterbalancing
In a repeated measures experiment, presenting the levels of the IV to participants in different sequences to control for order effects

Research Methods in Psych (3 decks)

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