Exam 3 Quizzies Flashcards
what are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis
what does magnitude of scoliosis refer to?
the length and angle of the curve deviation on x-ray
what is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
the Cobb Method
what does location of scoliosis infer?
the location on the vertebral segment forming the apex of the curve deviation
what does direction of scoliosis refer to?
the side the convexity of the curve will bend toward
what does etiology of scoliosis mean?
the cause of the scoliosis
what is structural scoliosis?
a more radical form of scoliosis, it may worsen, associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation
what is nonstructural scoliosis?
a mild form of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc and lacks a fixed angle of trunk rotation
what are some of the classifications of scoliosis based on etiology?
congenital, neuromuscular, neurofibromatosis, nerve root irritation, idiopathic
what is the classification of scoliosis that is unique to the individual patient?
idiopathic scoliosis
what does idiopathic scoliosis infer?
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause unknown etiology
what is the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in the population?
1-4% of the population
based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?
infantile, juvenile, and adolescent
what is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?
from birth to 3 years old
what is the age range for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
from 3-10 years old
what is the age range for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
over 10 years old
identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, and 12-21% incidence
identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, and 80% incidence
what are the transition zones of the vertebral column?
occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, and sacrococcygeal zones
what are the possible transition zone-segmental combinations?
- cervicalization of occiput, occipitalization of C1
- dorsalization of C7, cervicalization of T1
- lumbarization of T12, dorsalization of L1
- sacralization of L5, lumbarization of S1
- coccygealization of S5, sacralization of Co1
what is/are the characteristic(s) of cervicalization of occiput?
an increase in occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines, on the occipital bone
what is/are the characteristic(s) of occipitalization of C1?
the atlas may be partially or completely fused to the occiput
what is another way of implying occipitalization of C1?
atlas assimilation
what is the incidence of occipitalization of C1?
0.1-0.8%
when do the centers of ossification for the odontoid process first appear?
during the last trimester in utero
when do the bilateral ossification centers for the odontoid process fuse?
at or shortly after birth
what joint forms between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?
the subdental synchondrosis
ossification between the odontoid process and centrum joint of C2 first appears at what age?
4 years old
a joint between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 is last identified at what age?
7 years old
what is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond the age 7?
os odontoideum
what is the name given to the joint between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 which is still evident beyond age 7?
persistent subdental synchondrosis
what is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?
tip of the dens synchondrosis
at what age will the tip of the dens center of ossification appear?
sometime in early adolescence
at what age will the tip of the dens fuse with the odontoid process?
before age 12
what is a terminal ossicle?
a persistence beyond age 12 of the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process center of ossification
what is a basilar impression?
persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain
what is a basilar invagination?
the upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis
what is/are the characteristic(s) of dorsalization of C7?
the addition of a rib and changes in superior articular facet orientation are typical
what is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7?
from 1/2 to 2 and 1/2 % of the population
what is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7?
female
what alteration in C7 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization?
the superior articular facet of C7 may change from BUM to BUL; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
what alteration in C6 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization?
C6 inferior articular facet orientation changes from FoLD to to ForMeD; the superior articular facet is unchanged
what percent of the population may demonstrate thoracic-like features at C7?
up to 46%
what rib-related changes may accompany cervicalization of T1?
the first rib may decrease in mean relative length or become absent
what will result from fusion of a short rib to the T1 transverse process?
the transverse foramen
what T1 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?
the superior articular facet may change from BUL to BUM; inferior articular facet is unchanged
what C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?
the inferior articular facet may change from ForMeD to FoLD; superior articular facet is unchanged
what is the incidence of cervicalization of T1 in the population?
up to 28% of the population
what rib-related changes may accompany dorsalization of L1?
elongated bones shaped like ribs may appear
what is the incidence of lumbar ribs in the population?
over 7% of the population demonstrates lumbar ribs
what L1 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization?
the superior articular facet may change from concave-BUM to flat-BUL; inferior articular facet is unchanged
what T12 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization?
the inferior articular facet may change from convex-FoLD to flat-ForMeD; the superior articular facet is unchanged
what is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1?
males are 2-3 times more affected
what rib-related changes may accompany lumbarization of T12?
a significant shortening of the mean relative length of 113 mm of the 12th rib or it becomes basent
what T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?
the superior articular facet may change from flat-BUL to concave-BUM; inferior articular facet is unchanged
what T11 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?
the inferior articular facet may change from flat-ForMeD to convex-FoLD; superior articular facet is unchanged
what unique characteristics of lumbarization of S1 were stressed in class?
squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
what is squaring of the vertebral body of S1?
the S1 vertebral body has similar anterior and posterior heights, hence a lack of wedging
what is flaring of the sacral ala?
the transverse process of the ala appears to elevate as though separating from the rest of the sacral ala
what is characteristic of sacralization of L5?
L5 may be partially or completely fused to the sacrum
what is the incidence of sacralization of L5 in the population?
41-85%
which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?
L5
what is the incidence of variation within the sacrococcygeal region in the population?
up to 14%
what is characteristic of sacralization of Co1?
the premature fusion of Co1 to the sacrum
which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 1 of the true back?
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 2 of the true back?
rhomboid major and minor
which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer 2 of the true back?
levator scapulae
the trapezius is innervated by what nerve?
spinal accessory nerve
what forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?
C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root
the latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?
thoracodorsal nerve
what forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?
ventral rami C6-C8
which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor
what forms the dorsal scapular nerve?
ventral ramus C5
the levator scapula is innervated by what nerves?
dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C3, C4 ventral rami
the rhomboid major is innervated by what nerves?
dorsal scapular nerve (dorsal ramus C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus
the rhomboid minor is innervated by what nerves?
dorsal scapular nerve (dorsal ramus C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus
what muscles lie just beneath the trapezius in the neck?
splenius capitis and cervicis
what does the word “splenius” mean?
Greek for bandage
what part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin for the splenius muscles?
spinous process
what is the innervation of the splenius capitis?
dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)
splenius cervicis will attach to what location on the spine?
lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4
what is the innervation of splenius cervicis?
dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)
which muscles represent layer 4 of the true back?
erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles
which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?
spinous process of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest
what is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?
costal angles of the lower 6-9 ribs (rib 6- rib12 or rib 3- rib 12)
what is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?
dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves
which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis thoracis?
none (costal angles of the lower 6-7 ribs; rib 5/6- rib 12)
what osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
transverse process of C7
which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs?
iliocostalis thoracis
what is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis cervicis?
none
what is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?
dorsal rami T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?
accessory process and transverse process of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3
which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?
longissimus thoracis
what is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?
dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
accessory process and medial part of transverse process of L1-L5
what is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
posterior superior iliac spine of innominate bone
which subdivision of the longissimus muscles appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion?
longissimus thoracis pars lumborum
what is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?
dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 and T1-T2 cord levels)
what is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)
which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?
longissimus cervicis and capitis
what is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami or all thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves
what is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)
which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?
semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators
based on the name of this group, what is the origin-insertion of the transversospinalis?
transverse process origin, spinous process insertion
how many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?
as many as 9 vertebrae
what segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the spinalis thoracis?
T12
what is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?
transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4-C7
what is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 and articular processes of C4-C6
what is the innervation of the semispinalis capitits?
dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)
the biventer cervicis is formed by the fusion of what muscles?
semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis
what region subdivisions are now identified with multifidis muscles?
lumbar, thoracic, and cervical multifidis
which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
multifidis
what is the innervation of the classic multifidis?
dorsal rami of C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5 and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1)
contraction of multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?
alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution
determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck
which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin-insertion?
multifidis lumborum
contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?
lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, logissimus thoracis pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum
what will replace muscles spanning one or two segmental levels in the cervicals and lumbars?
deep layers of the multifidis
which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
obliquus capitis inferior
which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles?
dorsal ramus C1, suboccipital nerve
what is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?
C2 spinous process and lamina
what is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior?
transverse process of C1
contraction of obliquus capitis inferior will result in what movement?
turns the face to the side
an increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which suboccipital muscle?
obliquus capitis inferior
suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain?
extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei
what is the result of communication between suboccipital muscles, visual centers and vestibular centers?
coordination of head and eye position
what is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?
postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater?
rectus capitis poserior major and minor and obliquus capitis inferior
interspinalis is paired in which regions of the spine?
cervical and lumbar regions
based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
intertransversarii are paired in which region(s) of the spine?
cervical and lumbar regions
which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?
intertransversarii
based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
what is the origin of the longus colli?
vertebral bodies of C5-C6, T1-T3 and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C5
what will innervate the longus colli?
ventral rami of C2-C6 or C7 spinal nerves
what is the insertion of the longus capitis?
basilar part of the occipital bone
what will innervate the longus capitis?
ventral rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves
what is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?
lateral mass and costal element of the transverse process of C1
what will innervate the rectus capitis anterior?
ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves
what is the insertion of the rectus capitis lateralis?
jugular process of the occipital bone
what will innervate the rectus capitis lateralis?
ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves
what is the insertion of the anterior scalene?
ridge and anterior scalene tubercle of the first rib
what will innervate the anterior scalene?
ventral rami C2-C6 spinal nerves
what is the insertion of the middle scalene?
between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib
contraction of middle scalene will result in what movements?
laterally flex the neck; elevate the first rib
what will innervate the middle scalene?
ventral rami C3-C8 spinal nerves
what will innervate the posterior scalene?
ventral rami C6-C8 spinal nerves
the quadratus lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?
iliolumbar ligament
what osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the quadratus lumborum?
transverse process of L5
what will innervate the quadratus lumborum?
ventral rami T12 and L1-L3 sometimes L4 spinal nerves
what is the origin of the psoas major?
vertebral bodies T12, L1-L5, S1 and transverse processes of L1-L5
what will innervate the psoas major?
primarily ventral rami of L2 and L3, may include ventral rami of L1 and L4 spinal nerves
what is the origin of the psoas minor?
vertebral bodies T12 and L1
what will innervate the psoas minor?
ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve
what will innervate the iliacus?
femoral nerve, primarily ventral rami of L2 and L3
what will innervate the levator costarum brevis?
dorsal rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves
what will innervate the levator costarum longus?
dorsal rami of the lower thoracic spinal nerves
what will innervate the serratus posterior superior?
ventral rami of T2-T5 spinal nerve… intercostal nerve
what will innervate the serratus posterior inferior?
ventral rami of T9-T11 spinal nerve, intercostal nerve
and ventral ramus of T12 spinal nerve, subcostal nerve
the ligamentous sacro-iliac joints (or most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column) are examples of which joint classification?
syndesmosis
what are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid
what is the generic function of ligaments?
stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint
what are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”
what are the characteristics of the type 2 articular receptors?
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal ROM
what are the characteristics of type 3 articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
what is the function of type 4 articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
type 4a articular receptors would be present in what locations?
fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
type 4b articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligamentsin general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
what are the 3 modifications of articular synovial membrane?
- synovial villi
- articular fat pads or Haversian glands
- synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
what is the apparent function of synovial villi?
increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion-absorption phenomena
articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
lumbar zygapophyses
what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
phagocytic
what are the specific functions of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type 2
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
what is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
what are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
within the simple joint of the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis, spheroidal, cotyloid)
diarthrosis ginglymus joints are commonly called ______ joints based on action.
synovial hinge
diarthrosis trochoid joints are commonly called _______ joints based on action.
synovial pivot
what are the common ligaments of the vertebral column?
those ligaments commonly found between vertebral couples from C2/3 to L4/5
what is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?
8
what is the reason that 9 common ligaments are identified but only 8 will attached at any specific vertebral couple?
ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only one of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple
in the fetus, which vertebral levels will demonstrate intervertebral discs?
those between C2 and Co1 inclusive
what is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adult?
23
in the adult, which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true intervertebral disc?
those between C2 and S1 inclusive
what is the percent of intervertebral disc height contribution to the length of each region of the vertebral column?
cervical: 22-25%
thoracic: 20%
lumbar: 33%
what is the effect of aging on the intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus?
it becomes more fibrous as water and proteoglycan concentrations diminish
what is the cervical nucleus pulposus composed of?
fibrocartilage
what is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?
nucleus pulposus will lost water under deformation conditions
what cells are associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age 11?
notochord cells
what type of collagen is dominant in the nucelus pulposus?
type 2 collagen
what is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?
it lacks any lamellar or layered organization
what is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?
a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin
what is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae
what is the consequence of aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
the annulus fibrosus will retain water under deformation conditions
which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?
collage type 1
what is the organization pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?
they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled
what is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?
collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral- couterspiral organization is observed
what is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?
they average 50-60 degrees
what is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?
type 2 collagen fiber
what is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?
collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior
what cell type is associated with the cartilage end plate?
chondrocytes
what is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?
changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate
what part of the intervertebral disc is the “growth plate”?
the transition zone
what part of the intervertebral disc is innervated?
the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus
what are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?
nociceptors and proprioceptors
what is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?
the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings
what is the proposed function of receptor ending density in the anterior part of the intervertebral disc?
they provide feedback during extension
what forms the posterior neural plexus of the vertebral column?
the sinu-vertebral nerve
sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve
what forms the anterior neural plexus of the vertebral column?
fibers from the ventral primary ramus
what is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?
the paradiscal ramus communicans
what innervates the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc?
fibers from the ventral primary ramus, white ramus communicans, paradiscal ramus communicans, gray ramus communicans
what structure is formed following migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord?
the perichordal blastema
what is formed within the perichordal blastema between the sclerotomites?
the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner
what does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner becomes?
the perichordal disc
what part of the intervertebral disc will the notochord form?
the nucleus pulposus
what part of the intervertebral disc will the perichordal disc form?
the annulus fibrosus
what is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner
what vertebral levels will the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?
those between occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated
what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column
what was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?
Forestier’s Disease
anterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar region is now identified as _____?
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH
what vertebral levels will the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to?
those between C2 and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated
newer research suggests what regional variation in the posterior longitudinal ligament?
prominent in the cervicals, occasional in the thoracics, rate in the lumbars
what is the relationship of the posterior longitudinal ligament to the vertebral foramen?
it forms the anterior boundary of the spinal cord
what is the appearance of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine?
hourglass shaped along its lateral margins
where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?
cervical spine with an 80% incidence
what is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?
a loss of hand and finger dexterity
what is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar spine?
faltering gait
what is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the PLL?
greater in Japanese males over 50
what is the acronym for ossification of the PLL?
OPLL
at one time ossification of the PLL was an example of what condition?
DISH
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyerostosis
what vertebral levels will the ligamentum falvum be attached to?
between C2 and S1 inclusive are traditionally indicated
what are the specific bony attaching sites for the ligamentum flavum?
the laminae
what will the ligamentum flavum attach to in addition to the lamina?
they may blend with the capsular ligament of the zygapophysis
what is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?
yellow elastic ligament
what fibers are most ligaments made up of?
type 1 collagen fibers which are whitish in appearance
what is the color of most ligaments in the body?
whitish
what is now thought to be a major function of the ligamentum flavum?
early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column
where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most common identified?
thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone
what is the acronym for ossification of the ligamentum flavum?
OLF
what is the relationship between the capsular ligament and mobility?
the more lax/loose the capsular ligament is, the greater the motion of the joint
what regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?
the cervical and thoracic regions
what layers are present in the capsular ligament?
superficial layer of collagen fibers and a deep layer of elastic fibers
the capsular ligament may blend with which other common ligament?
ligamentum flavum
what muscle will blend with the capsular ligament posteriorly?
multifidis
what is the pattern of innervation for the zygapophysis capsular ligament?
typically innervated by 3 spinal nerves
if the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion, what is its’ function?
it is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement
what vertebral levels will the interspinous ligament be attached to?
those between C2 and S1 inclusive are traditionally indicated
what is the status of the human interspinous ligament compared with other common ligaments?
they are poorly developed as ligaments although collagen fibers are present
what is the status of the cervical interspinous ligament?
lacking, poorly developed, or simply considered the deep anterior part of the ligamentum nuchae
what is the status of the lumbar interspinous ligament?
broad and thick with three layers identified from anterior to posterior
what is the classic function of the interspinous ligament?
brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column
what is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?
more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex
what will the ligamentum nuchae be attached to?
the EOP, external occipital crest, posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1, spinous tubercles between C2 and C7 inclusive are traditionally indicated
what is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
funicular layer or part
what is the name given to the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
lamellar layer or part
what are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
EOP, external occipital crest, and spinous tubercle of C7
what is the histological make-up of the ligamentum nuchae in quadrupeds?
yellow elastic ligament
what is the primary yellow elastic or elastic ligament of the spine?
ligamentum flavum
what will the supraspinous ligament be attached to?
spinous tubercles along the vertebral column from C7 to sacrum
what is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?
primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)
where is the supraspinous ligament said to be best developed?
lumbar spine
what is now thought to be a major function of the supraspinous ligament?
proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex
what will the intertransverse ligament be attached to?
transverse tubercles and transverse process of adjacent vertebrae along the vertebral column from C1 to L5
what is the status of the cervical intertransverse ligament?
said to be paired with an anterior and posterior intertransverse ligament present
what is the status of the lumbar intertransverse ligament?
well developed with two parts identified, ventral and dorsal slip
what part of the lumbar intertransverse ligament covers the intervertebral foramen?
ventral slip
what part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine divides the body wall into an anterior muscular compartment and a posterior muscular compartment?
dorsal slip
what are the attachment sites of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
upper margin of the anterior arch of C1 and to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum
what is the median thickening of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament called?
anterior longitudinal ligament
what is the classic function of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
brakes or limits “extension” of the skull over the cervical bone
what is the classic function of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
brakes or limits axial rotation, flexion, and perhaps lateral bending of the skull on atlas
what amount of flexion-extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about 25 degrees
what amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
3-8 degrees one side axial rotation
what amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about 5 degrees
which motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
flexion-extension
what are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the anterior bursa?
fovea dentis of C1 and facet for fovea dentis of C2
what are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the posterior bursa?
groove for the transverse atlantal ligament of C2 and the transverse atlantal ligament
what ligament is formed by the transverse atlantal ligament and its perpendicular extension?
cruciate ligament or cruciform ligament
what is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?
primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1
what is the ADI?
Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surface of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
what is the ADI of children compared with that of adults?
children= 4.5 mm adults= range of 2-3 mm or about 2.5 mm
what are the characteristics of the capsular ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint?
lax or loose and demonstrates a meniscoidal fold within the joint cavity
where is accessory atlanto-axial ligament observed?
anterior to the membrane tectoria/tectorial membrane
what are the attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligament?
base of the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mall of C1;
superior continuation may attach on the occipital bone just behind that of the alar ligament
what ligament forms the posterior boundary of the spinal canal at the C1/C2 vertebral couple?
posterior atlanto-axial ligament
what are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?
about 20 degrees flexion-extension
40 degrees one side axial rotation
5 degrees of lateral bending
the occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?
about 60%
what name is given to the occipital-C2 region of the spine?
craniovertebral junction
what ligaments are present at the occipito-axial joint?
apical ligament of the dens/apicodental ligament, alar ligament and membrana tectoria/tectorial membrane
what ligament attaches to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and the tip of the odontoid process of C2?
the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament
embryologically, what forms the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
the notochord
what is the function of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
has no know function
what ligament attaches to the posterolateral part of the odontoid process of C2 and to surfaces on the medial border of the occipital condyle or as far anterior as the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum?
alar ligament
what is the function of the alar ligament?
together they function to resist axial rotation
what forms the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
what ligament is anterior to the dura mater of the medulla oblongata-spinal cord junction?
membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
what is the function of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?
resists flexion and extension of the skull on the upper cervical spine
list, in order, the ligaments in a midsagittal plane from the dura mater at the level of the medulla oblongata to the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint.
- membrane tectoria/tectorial membrane
- cruciate ligament
- capsular ligament of the posterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
- apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament
for the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of flexion-extension?
about 90 degrees or about 18 degrees per couple
for the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side lateral bending?
about 50 degrees or about 10 degrees per couple
for the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side axial rotation?
about 33 degrees or about 6 degrees per couple
what are the joint surfaces of the costocentral joint of the first, 11th, and 12th ribs?
the superior costal facet on the vertebral body of T1, T11, or T12 and the articular surface of the head of the first, 11th or 12th rib
an intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?
ribs 2-9
at what rib will the superior costotransverse ligament be absent?
1st rib
what ligaments will attach to the neck of the 12th rib?
superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
which ribs will have an attachment from the inferior costotransverse ligament?
rib 1- rib 11
which ligament “fills” the costotransverse foramen?
inferior costotransverse ligament
which vertebrae will have an attachment for the lateral costotransverse ligament?
T1-T11
at what rib will the lateral costotransverse ligament be absent?
12th rib
which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?
T11/T12 and T12/L1
which range of motion is greatest for lower thoracic vertebral couples?
flexion-extension
which range of motion is least for lower thoracic vertebral couples?
one side axial rotation
which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint?
iliolumbar and lumbosacral ligament
what muscle is intimately attached to the superior iliolumbar ligament?
quadratus lumborum
which of the current ligaments from the iliolumbar complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions?
superior iliolumbar ligament
which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament classical descriptions?
inferior iliolumbar ligament
which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?
L5/S1
which range of motion is least for L1-L5 vertebral couples?
one side axial rotation
which range of motion is least for the L5/S1 vertebral couple?
one side lateral bending
what ligament represents the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
list, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal.
- membrana tectoria
- PLL
- deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
what ligament represents the homolog of the ligamentum flavum at the sacrococcygeal joint?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
list, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal.
- posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
- posterior atlanto-axial ligament
- ligamentum flavum
- superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
what is homolog of the intertransverse ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
what is homolog of the capsular ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
intercornual ligament
what is the auricular surface of the sacrum composed of?
true articular cartilage, a modification of hyaline cartilage
what is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?
articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage
which gender has greater unevenness of the auricular surface of the sacro-iliac joint?
males
what forms the accessory sacro-iliac joint?
the sacral tuberosity and iliac sulcus
what pathological or age related modification of the sacro-iliac joint may occur?
degenerative arthrosis and ankylosis
what is the age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthorsis of the sacro-iliac joint?
age 40, iliac auricular surface
what is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint?
age 50 and male bias particularly n African American males
which is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments?
interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
what passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?
dorsal rami from the sacral spinal plexus
what ligament blends with the lateral border of the long posterior sacro-iliac ligament?
sacrotuberous ligament
what is formed by the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus?
the falciform process
what separates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramina?
the sacrospinous ligament
what vertebral levels correspond to the position of the manubrium sterni?
T3-T4
what separates the manubrium sterni and the corpus sterni?
manubriosternal symphysis
what vertebral levels correspond to the position of the corpus sterni?
T5-T9
how many sternabrae form the corpus sterni?
4 sternabrae
what surface feature on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the synchondroses?
transverse lines
what articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?
costal notches II-VII
what feature of the corpus sterni is present in 4-7% of the population?
a sternal foramen
what are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?
the head, neck, and tubercle
what attaches to the crest of the neck of the rib?
superior costotransverse ligament
what attaches to the non-articular surface of the tubercle of a rib?
the lateral costotransverse ligament
what features may be identified on the body (corpus or shaft) of a typical rib?
the costal angle and costal groove
what attaches to the costal angle of a rib?
iliocostalis muscle and thoracolumbar aponeurosis/fascia
what attaches to the scalene tubercle of the first rib?
anterior scalene muscle
which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the vertebral end?
the groove for the subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve
which groove on the body of the first rib is close to the sternal end?
groove for the subclavian vein
is either the costal angle or costal groove apparent on the first rib?
neither the costal angle not costal groove are apparent on the first rib
what does the interarticular ligament of the head of the second rib joint with?
the interarticular crest on the head of the second rib and the intervertebral disc between T1 and T2
what specifically will attach to the crest of the neck of the second rib?
superior costotransverse ligament from the transverse process of T1
what specifically attaches to the back of the neck of the second rib?
inferior costotransverse ligament from the transverse process of T2
what specifically attaches to the non-articular surface of the tubercle of the second rib?
lateral costotransverse ligament from the transverse tubercle of the T2
what unique feature is present on the body of the second rib?
tuberosity for the serratus anterior
what features are identified on the body of rib 10?
costal angle and costal groove
what features may be present on the body of the 11th rib?
costal angle and costal groove are under-developed
what are the classifications of rib 3-7 in the typical adult skeleton?
typical ribs, true ribs, costa verae, and vertebrosternal ribs
what are the classifications of ribs 1 and 2 in the typical adult skeleton?
atypical, true ribs, costa verae, vertebrosternal ribs
what are the classification of ribs 8 and 9 in the typical adult skeleton?
typical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebrochondral ribs
what are the classifications of rib 10 in the typical adult skeleton?
atypical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebrochondral ribs
what are the classifications of ribs 11 and 12 in the typical adult skeleton?
atypical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebral ribs
what are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?
most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and anterior thorax
which cartilage joint forms between ossification centers within a cartilage template?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
what classification of cartilage joint is primary, temporary, and composed of hyaline cartilage?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
what are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
costochondral joints of the first sternochondral joint
which cartilage joint occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
what are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
which ribs demonstrate costochondral joints?
all 12 ribs
what are the joint surfaces of the costochondral joint?
costal cartilage with the sternal end of each rib
what is the joint classification of the costochondral joint?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
what is the sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
the joint between the costal cartilage and the costal notches of the sternum
what ribs will participate in the sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
rib 1-7
what is the classification of the first sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
what is the classification the second-seventh sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
which of the sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
the intra-articular ligament
what joint classification is associated with the intra-articular ligament of the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
what is the classification of the 6th-9th interchondral joints?
synovial plane (diarthorsis arthordia)
what is the classification of the 5th-6th or 9th to 10th interchondral joint?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
which costal cartilages fail to form a joint at their sternal end?
11th and 12 costal cartilages
how many primary centers of ossification appear in the manubrium?
1-3 centers have been identified
how many primary centers of ossification appear in the corpus sterni?
typically 6
what are the locations of the primary centers of ossification in the corpus sterni?
one in each of the first two sternabrae and bilateral centers in the last two sternabrae
in what part of the sternum will a secondary center of ossification appear?
the xiphoid process
in what part of the rib will primary centers of ossification appear?
body (corpus, shaft)
in what parts of the rib will secondary centers of ossification appear?
head, articular and non-articular surface of the tubercle
which ribs will demonstrate primary centers of ossification for the body?
all ribs (1-12)
which ribs will demonstrate secondary centers of ossification?
ribs 1-10
how does rib 1 differ in ossification centers from typical ribs?
rib 1 has two secondary centers of ossification: one for the head and one for the tubercle; typical ribs have three secondary centers of ossification
how do ribs 11 and 12 differ in ossification centers from typical ribs?
ribs 11 and 12 do not have secondary centers of ossification
what are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?
suture, gomphosis, schindylesis, and syndesmosis
what are the characteristics of sutura vera (true sutures)?
sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification
what are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?
sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification
which sutures will interlock and overlap at their edges?
limbous sutures
what sutures demonstrate non-interlock, but will overlap at their edges?
squamous sutures
which sutures will neither interlock not overlap at their edges?
harmonia sutures
what is the classification of a joint with a “fissure-like” condition?
schindylesis
what are the typical examples of the plane suture or harmonia suture?
cruciate suture made up of the intermaxiallry, interpalatine and palato-maxillary sutures
what are the examples of the gomphosis joint?
maxilla- root of tooth; mandible- root of tooth
what forms a bullet-like chin?
a large mental protuberance
what forms an indented chin?
well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance
what is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?
inion
what is the name of the linear elevation lateral to the EOP?
superior nuchal line
what is the appearance of suture intersections just above the zygomatic arch called?
pterion
what points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
nasion, vertex, inion, and gnathion
what points on the skill are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
nasion vertex, and inion
what is the appearance of the suture intersections over the hard palate called?
cruciate or cruciform suture
what is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
a line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid processes, and sphenoidal jugum
what ostia are observed in the anterior cranial fossa?
cribriform plate, anterior and posterior ehtmoid formina and foramen cecum
what passes through the cribriform plate?
fila olfactoria of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve
what is the posterior boundary of the middle crania fossa?
superior border of petrous part of temporal bone, posterior clinoid processes and dorsum sella of sphenoid bone
what prominent parts of the brain rest on the middle cranial fossa?
temporal poles of temporal lobes of cerebrum, hypophyseal cerebri, optic chiasm
what bony feature is prominent in the median place of the middle cranial fossa?
sella turcica
which cranial nerves exit the skull via middle cranial fossa ostia?
cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI
what are the contents of the optic canal?
the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
what are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
ophthalmic veins, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the abducent nerve
the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve exits the middle cranial fossa via which opening?
the foramen rotundum
what are the contents of the foramen ovale?
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and the lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exits the middle cranial fossa via which opening?
the foramen ovale
what are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery
what opening allows a branch of cranial nerve Vc to enter the middle cranial fossa from the infratemporal region?
foramen spinosum
which ostia will not exit the skull from the middle cranial fossa in the living person?
foramen lacerum, hiatus for the greater (superficial) petrosal nerve and the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve
what forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
tentorium cerebelli
what part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
which cranial nerves exit posterior cranial fossa ostia?
CN VII (facial) CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) CN IX (glossopharyngeal) CN X (vagus) CN XI (spinal accessory) CN XII (hypoglossal)
meningeal nerves in the foramen magnum are derived from which cord levels?
C1-C3 cord levels
which arteries arise in the posterior cranial fossa and descend through the foramen magnum to supply the spinal cord?
anterior and posterior spinal arteries
what are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?
CNs VII and VIII
nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII
vestibular and cochlear roots of VII
internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein
what are the contents of the jugular foramen?
jugular bulb
inferior petrosal sinus
tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/glomus
CNs IX, X, and XI
what can the five layers of the scalp spell?
S- skin C- connective tissue A- aponeurosis L- loose connective tissue P- periosteum
what are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?
internal and external carotid artery branches
which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?
all 3 divisions:
ophthalmic nerve
maxillary nerve
mandibular nerve
what ventral rami nerve(s) and cord levels of origin supply the scalp?
greater auricular nerve- C2, C3 ventral rami branches; lesser occipital nerve- C2 (C3) ventral rami branches
which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?
greater occipital nerve- C2, C3 communicating ramus
what type of motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by the facial nerve?
Branchial Efferent (BE)
what are the lymph nodes located along the base of the head collectively called?
collar chain nodes
what is third layer of the scalp associated with?
muscular component of the scalp
what is unusual/unique about the muscle of the face?
they do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin and insertion
which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
orbicularis oris, procerus, and risorius
what is the source of innervation for all muscles of facial expression?
facial nerve branches
which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the face?
all 3 divisions: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve
what opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit?
optic canal
what is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
lamina papyracea
what features may be observed on the medial wall of the orbit?
lacrimal groove, fossa for the lacrimal sac, anterior ethmoid foramen and posterior ethmoid foramen
what opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?
superior orbital fissure
what opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?
inferior orbital fissure
what is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
what are the layers of the eyelid?
skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate/tarsus, and palpebral conjunctiva
what are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?
tarsal or Meibomian gland
what is the function of the Meibomian gland?
produces a thick, hydophobic substance that prevents tears from overflowing onto the cheeks along the margin of the eyelid
what is the ciliary gland?
modified sebaceous gland at the base of the eyelash
what are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?
tarsal gland or Meobomian gland and ciliary gland
what is the name given to the inner mucous membrane of the eyelid?
palpebral conjunctiva
which cranial nerves are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
facial and trigeminal (maxillary and ophthalmic divisions/branches)
preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of CN VII will exit the pons in what nerve?
nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve
what are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?
pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel’s ganglion
parasympathetic stimulation of blood vessels in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen
what is the origin for the sympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column T1, T2
sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen
what are the names of the layers of the eyeball?
fibrous tunic, uveal tract, and retina
what are the parts of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?
cornea and sclera
what are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?
iris, ciliary body, choroid, and pupil
