Exam 3 Quiz Questions Flashcards
Which neurotransmitter system plays a role in addiction?
Dopamine from the VTA
Where is CN IV located in the brainstem?
Midbrain
At what level of the midbrain is CN IV located?
Inferior colliculus
What is the name of the area in the brainstem that stimulates the emetic center when compressed by increased intracranial pressure?
Area Postrema
Found in the medulla
At what level does the brainstem merge with the spinal cord?
Foramen magnum
Where are the following structures housed? CN IV nucleus Cerebral aqueduct CN III nuclei Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Substantia nigra Red nucleus
Midbrain
Where are the following structures housed? CN VI nucleus Cavity of 4th ventricle CN VII nuclei CN V nuclei CN VIII nuclei
Pons
Where are the following structures housed? CN XII nucleus Pyramids CN X nuclei CN XI nucleus CN IX nuclei
Medulla
Which 2 nuclei of the basal ganglia make up the striatum?
- Putamen
2. Caudate Nucleus
Which nucleus of the basal ganglia serves as the main output nucleus, ultimately regulating thalamic activity?
Globus pallidus
What is the order of the steps in the direct pathway, starting with:
Motor cortex sends excitatory signal to striatum?
- Striatum increases inhibition of GPi
- Inhibited GPi lessens tonic inhibition of thalamus
- Thalamic activity increases
- Motor information from basal ganglia is sent to motor cortex
- Motor cortex sends efferent signal to skeletal muscle
Parkinson’s disease is due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in what?
Subtantia nigra
Which part of the limbic system is most involved with formation and storage of memories?
Hippocampus
Which structure is responsible for the connection between our autonomic nervous system and our emotions?
Hypothalamus
What is the order of the steps in the indirect pathway, starting with:
Motor cortex sends excitatory signal to striatum?
- Striatum inhibits the GPe
- Inhibition of STN is lifted
- STN excites the GPi
- GPi increases tonic inhibition of thalamus
- Thalamic activity decreases
- Less motor information reaches the cortex through the thalamus
- Motor cortex stops signaling to skeletal muscles
What are 3 things that happen when normal reward circuitry is disrupted?
- Dopaminergic receptor sites are downregulated
- Prefrontal cortex loses ability to control behaviors related to drug seeking
- Memories become rewired in favor of memories associated with substance use
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Manipulate head position during eye movements
What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
Coordinate primitive motor patterns
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Stabilize head during body movements
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
Innervation of flexor muscles in upper limbs
What are the: Tectospinal Reticulospinal Vestibulospinal Rubrospinal tracts?
Extrapyramidal tracts
A lesion to the right fasciculus gracilis at the level of T2 causes the loss of what?
Right sided loss of fine touch inferior to T6
What type of sensory information does the cuneocerebellar tract carry?
Proprioceptive information from the upper limbs
What type of sensory information does the rostral spinocerebellar tract carry?
Integration of proprioceptive information along with descending motor information for upper limbs
What type of sensory information does the posterior spinocerebellar tract carry?
Proprioceptive information from the lower limbs
What type of sensory information does the anterior spinocerebellar tract carry?
Integration of proprioceptive information along with descending motor information to the lower limbs?
The cuneocerebellar tract is closely related to which unconscious sensory tract?
Rostral spinocerebellar tract
The posterior spinocerebellar tract is closely related to which unconscious sensory tract?
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
An injury to the left lateral spinothalamic tract at the level of C4 will cause the loss of what?
Right sided (contralateral) loss of pain and temperature inferior to C4
An injury to the right medial lemniscus at the level of the pontine-medullary junction will cause the loss of what?
Left sided (contralateral) loss of fine touch sensation from the neck down
An injury to the right medullary pyramid near the pons will mainly affect what?
Left sided (contralateral) somatic motor function from the neck down
An injury to the left lateral corticospinal tract at the level of T8 will affect what?
Left sided (ipsilateral) motor activity below T8
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Interprets both afferent and efferent information and coordinates actions or reactions based on that information
Which region of the cerebellum may compress the respiratory centers in the medulla when intracranial pressure increases?
Cerebellar tonsils
Which cell types carry information from the cerebellum to other parts of the nervous system?
Purkinje cells
Where does sensory information from our visual and auditory systems enter the cerebellum?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
What are 3 possible results of upper motor neuron lesions?
- Late stage muscle atrophy
- Spastic paresis
- Hyperreflexia
What are 3 possible results of lower motor neuron lesions?
- Acute muscle atrophy
- Diminished/absent reflex arc
- Flaccid paresis
