Exam 3 Quiz Questions Flashcards
Quizzes 9, 10, and 12.
Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to
a) identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.
b) distinguish between academic and practical intelligence.
c) assess general capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior.
d) provide a quantitative estimate of inherited intellectual potential.
a) identify children likely to have difficulty learning in school classes.
Dr. Guash correlates the scores obtained on two halves of his test measuring a person’s tendency to engage in risky behavior. He is checking the ______ of his test
a) stability
b) standardization
c) reliability
d) predictive validity
c) reliability
To be diagnosed with an intellectual disability, one’s score on an intelligence test must be
a) 70 or below
b) 100
c) 50 or below
d) 120
a) 70 or below
Psychologists would calculate the relationship between intelligence test scores and school grades in order to assess the ______ of the intelligence test.
a) reliability
b) standardization
c) predictive validity
d) normal distribution
c) predictive validity
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)
a) algorithm
b) concept
c) heuristic
d) prototype
b) concept
Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to
a) acquire language vocabulary as rapidly as children
b) vocalize the most common vowel sounds
c) communicate through the use of symbols
d) do all of these things
c) communicate through the use of symbols
Beatrice and Allen Gardener taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of
a) pictures
b) sign language
c) morse code
d) English letters
b) sign language
In Wolfgang Kohler’s experiments, the chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to retrieve a longer stick, which he then used to reach a piece of fruit. The chimpanzee appeared to display
a) the availability heuristic
b) insight
c) trial and error
d) a fixation
b) insight
Which of the following is FALSE regarding adoption and intelligence
a) Adoption of neglected children can increase their intelligence test scores.
b) During childhood, adoptive siblings test scores correlate modestly.
c) Adoption from poverty into middle-class homes increases intelligence test scores.
d) The intelligence scores of fraternal twins who have been adopted do not correlate with one another.
d) The intelligence scores of fraternal twins who have been adopted do not correlate with one another.
A $50 dress reduced from $100 can seem like a better deal to Stephanie than the same dress priced regularly at $50. This best illustrates the importance of
a) the availability heuristic
b) framing
c) belief perseverance
d) confirmation bias
b) framing
If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may –without consciously recalling earlier experience– react wearily. This illustrates our reactions to others may be influenced by
a) overconfidence
b) algorithms
c) fixations
d) intuition
d) intuition
Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions is called
a) confirmation bias
b) an algorithm
c) nudging
d) heuristics
c) nudging
The indelible memories of 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people’s estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of
a) fixation
b) the availability heuristic
c) confirmation bias
d) framing
b) the availability heuristic
Psychologist Carol Dweck believes that training students to believe that intelligence is changeable, not fixed, can help them develop _______, in which students attribute their success to hard work, not to fixed intelligence.
a) their general intelligence
b) a growth mindset
c) their polygenetics
d) their epigenetics
b) a growth mindset
_______ refers to a person’s accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogies tests.
a) Crystallized intelligence
b) Aptitude
c) Fluid intelligence
d) The g factor
a) Crystallized intelligence
Christopher is learning a new language as an adult. While this is great, he is likely to speak the language with
a) the accent of his first language.
b) neither the accent of his first language nor with imperfect grammar.
c) imperfect grammar.
d) both the accent of his first language and with perfect grammar.
d) both the accent of his first language and with perfect grammar.
By about age 7, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language. This illustrates the importance of _________ for language acquisition.
a) an outcome simulation
b) telegraphic speech
c) linguistic determinism
d) a critical period
d) a critical period
The world’s languages are structurally very diverse, more so than Chomsky’s universal grammar idea implies. This indicates that we are
a) not born with a build in specific language or specific set of grammatical rules.
b) not born with a specific set of grammatical rules.
c) born with a built-in specific language and specific set of grammatical rules.
d) not born with a built-in specific language.
a) not born with a build in specific language or specific set of grammatical rules.
The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a
a) syllable
b) phoneme
c) prefix
d) morpheme
b) phoneme
Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgements efficiently are called
a) prototypes
b) algorithms
c) fixations
d) heuristics
d) heuristics
Abigail was in an automobile accident and suffered brain damage. As a result, she has lost some of her speaking abilities. Research has demonstrated that electrical stimulation of which brain area may help restore her speaking abilities?
a) the parietal lobe
b) Broca’s area
c) Wernicke’s area
d) the right hemisphere
b) Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area is a region of the brain involved in
a) implicit memory
b) language comprehension
c) face recognition
d) muscle coordination
b) language comprehension
Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem illustrates
a) convergent thinking
b) divergent thinking
c) the availability heuristic
d) belief perseverance
b) divergent thinking
Which statement best characterizes Howard Gardner’s view of intelligence?
a) There are multiple independent intelligences and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture
b) There are three mental abilities that together make up what is called successful intelligence.
c) There are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
d) There is a single factor that can explain the pattern of specific mental abilities called intelligence.
a) There are multiple independent intelligences and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture
Angela Duckworth has defined grit as
a) a lowered awareness of self and time
b) passionate and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
c) the need for affiliation
d) the need to belong
b) passionate and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
The desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard is called
a) achievement motivation
b) need to belong
c) affiliation
d) social isolation
a) achievement motivation
Wendell tries to eat a salad every night with dinner. How long does he need to do this for it to become an ingrained habit?
a) 2 months
b) 3 months
c) 2 weeks
d) 1 month
a) 2 months
When someone is surprised, their eyebrows raise and eyes widen, which enables them to
a) contain their facial expressions
b) discern the emotions of others better
c) block foul odors
d) take in more information
d) take in more information
People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their emails because they underestimate the importance of _________ in communication.
a) fearful expressions
b) angry expressions
c) vocal and facial nuances
d) sad expressions
c) vocal and facial nuances
Which of the following do we tend to struggle to detect?
a) fear
b) disgust
c) deception
d) anger
c) deception
When shown a face that is 50 percent fear and 50 percent anger, children who have been physically abused are ________ than those who were not physically abused.
a) less likely to perceive anger
b) more likely to perceive fear
c) likely to perceive either anger or fear
d) more likely to perceive anger
d) more likely to perceive anger
The autonomic nervous system regulates the _________ that accompanies different emotions.
a) expressive behaviors
b) conscious experiences
c) subjective well-being
d) physiological arousal
d) physiological arousal
The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a
a) person’s fear of snakes is reduced after she receives a calming tranquilizer.
b) person’s fear of snakes is reduced after she learns that most snakes are harmless.
c) person comes to fear snakes after he sees someone else bitten by one.
d) person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless.
d) person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless.
Christine is starting a new job today and feels sick to her stomach and anxious. She begins to tell herself that she feels excited and not anxious or nervous about her new job. She has engaged in
a) cognitive appraisal
b) emotion monitoring
c) the spillover effect
d) cognitive reappraisal
d) cognitive reappraisal
Lucas has just experienced a terrifying earthquake. Recounting the moment when he felt the first jolt, he recalls, “I felt terrified and noticed that my heart was pounding, all in the very same instant.” Lucas’ reported experience is most consistent with
a) cognitive appraisal
b) the James-Lange theory
c) the Cannon-Bard theory
d) the two-factor theory
c) the Cannon-Bard theory
If a gender-neutral face is made to look________________, people are more likely to perceive it as male.
a) surprised
b) disgusted
c) sad
d) angry
d) angry
People tend to attribute women’s emotionality to their
a) facial expressions
b) personal dispositions
c) nonverbal forms of communication
d) environmental circumstances
b) personal dispositions
Who described our priority for fulfilling certain needs before others?
a) Chris Klein
b) Abraham Maslow
c) George Mallory
d) Victor Frankl
b) Abraham Maslow
Adventurous people who relish the pursuit of novel and intense experiences are said to be
a) incentive seekers
b) sensation-seekers
c) self-actualized
d) self-transcendent
b) sensation-seekers
Lydia has a morning class in biology and must walk across campus on a very hot day. She starts to perspire, begins fanning herself with her notebook, and scans her surroundings for a water fountain. Which theory most clearly explains her behavior?
a) hierarchy of needs theory
b) drive-reduction theory
c) arousal theory
d) evolutionary theory
b) drive-reduction theory
Imitating another person’s facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate
a) egocentrism
b) the behavior feedback effect
c) empathy
d) the facial feedback effect
c) empathy
The facial feedback effect suggests that
a) culture plays no role in the subjective experience of emotion
b) emotions are determined by one’s behavioral response
c) facial expressions of a specific emotion have no effect on the subjective experience of that particular emotion
d) expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion
d) expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion
Madelyn’s parents were killed in a car accident when she was 4 years old, and she has been in several different foster homes for the last 9 years. Madelyn is at a high risk for
a) becoming narcissistic
b) developing autonomy
c) having difficulty developing deep relationships
d) experiencing ostracism
c) having difficulty developing deep relationships
Conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ____________ needs.
a) safety
b) competence
c) achievement
d) affiliation
d) affiliation
Which of the following is the best predictor of happiness for most people?
a) small classes
b) a high grade-point average
c) close relationships
d) money
c) close relationships
An explanation of motivation in terms of homeostasis (the tendency to maintain a balanced internal state) is best illustrated by the concept of
a) set point
b) ecology of eating
c) instinct
d) basal metabolic rate
a) set point
Melissa is eating dinner when she begins to feel full. Which hormone is giving her that message?
a) PYY
b) orexin
c) ghrelin
d) glucose
a) PYY
The arcuate nucleus is a(n)
a) appetite-stimulating neural network in the hypothalamus
b) appetite hormone secreted by the stomach
c) appetite-stimulating center in the liver
d) form of sugar that provides a major source of energy for the body
a) appetite-stimulating neural network in the hypothalamus
The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT
a) a reaction to frustration
b) an unlearned instinct
c) a product of social scripts
d) influenced by social norms
b) an unlearned instinct
Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by
a) frustration
b) scapegoating
c) reinforcement
d) social scripts
c) reinforcement
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a factor in producing aggressive behaviors?
a) very hot temperatures
b) physical pain
c) very cold temperatures
d) alcohol consumption
c) very cold temperatures
Despite the risk of infection, nurses and doctors continued to work during the COVID-19 pandemic, as did grocery and other store clerks. Their behavior is related to
a) social exchange theory
b) the bystander effect
c) the social-responsibility norm
d) diffusion of responsibility
c) the social-responsibility norm
In one experiment, researchers gave participants money and instructions either to spend it on themselves or to spend it on others. Those assigned to spend it on others subsequently experienced the greatest
a) equity
b) happiness
c) reciprocity norm
d) self-disclosure
b) happiness
According to Darley and Latane, the decision-making process necessary for bystander intervention in an emergency situation requires
a) an increase in self-awareness, the recognition of personal responsibility, and the experience of cognitive dissonance
b) noticing an incident, interpreting the incident as an emergency, and assuming responsibility for helping
c) learning the social responsibility norm and applying the norm to the situation at hand
d) recognizing a shared predicament and identifying a superordinate goal.
b) noticing an incident, interpreting the incident as an emergency, and assuming responsibility for helping
The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain
a) passionate love
b) companionate love
c) the mere exposure effect
d) altruism
a) passionate love
According to the __________ of attraction, we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, including those who are both able and willing to help us achieve our goals.
a) equity theory
b) law
c) reward theory
d) social exchange theory
c) reward theory
Maria heard that Juan was angry at her, but he was not. She came into the house with an angry facial expression and spoke very little. Juan, who took her behavior to mean that she was in a bad mood, spoke sarcastically to her, which led to an argument. This misunderstanding was facilitated by each person forming
a) a self-fulfilling prophecy
b) superordinate goals
c) a social trap
d) grit
a) a self-fulfilling prophecy
Lisa’s attitude toward other racial groups had always been negative. In her first year of college, she was assigned a roommate from a different racial group. This experience caused her to lose her prejudicial attitude. This best illustrates the impact of
a) equal status contact
b) equity
c) altruism
d) the reciprocity norm
a) equal status contact
Michelle is liberal and Sarah is a conservative. Both overestimate the extremism of the other. This is known as
a) a microaggression
b) minority influence
c) the perception gap
d) social facilitation
c) the perception gap
The violent crimes of some group members inflate people’s judgements of the crime rate within the entire group because the instances of violent crime are
a) social events
b) repetitive events
c) frustrating events
d) memorable cases
d) memorable cases
Ingroup bias refers to
a) those who share a common identity
b) the tendency to favor “us” rather than “them”
c) those perceived as different and separate from us
d) the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
b) the tendency to favor “us” rather than “them”
The set of people perceived as different from “us” is called a(n)
a) outgroup
b) ingroup
c) scapegoat
d) other-race effect
a) outgroup
Joan just heard a sad love song on the radio and now feels sad. This demonstrates
a) obedience
b) cognitive dissonance
c) conformity
d) mood contagion
d) mood contagion
The internet can be an avenue to strengthen social movements, lending support for the notion of
a) group polarization
b) deindividualization
c) emotional healing
d) social facilitation
a) group polarization
Levi and three classmates are working together on a group psychology project. Levi, who is a psychology major and a hardworking student, needs a good grade on the project. His classmates know this, and Levi finds that he is being asked to do the vast majority of the work. The others in Levi’s group are demonstrating
a) social facilitation
b) social loafing
c) deindividualization
d) group polarization
b) social loafing
Leo is feeling unhappy after an argument with his brother, but he decides to attend Caleb’s party anyhow. At the party, people are laughing and enjoying themselves, so Leo immediately cheers up and joins the fun. Leo’s emotional change is due to
a) mood linkage
b) informational social influence
c) social facilitation
d) social loafing
a) mood linkage
If a cluster of people stand staring at the sky, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates
a) the chameleon effect
b) social facilitation
c) deindividualization
d) social loafing
a) the chameleon effect
We are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone
a) who is unemployed
b) in a variety of situations
c) who is wealthy
d) we dislike
b) in a variety of situations
When dining at a restaurant, you see a server’s tray accidentally tilt, and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. “That guy’s really clumsy,” you think to yourself as you resume eating. You have just committed
a) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
b) the fundamental attribution error
c) an attitude
d) cognitive dissonance
b) the fundamental attribution error
Liam agreed to Ethan’s suggestion that they shoplift some video games. Later in the week, Liam agreed to go along with Ethan’s suggestion to steal a neighbor’s expensive racing bike. Reflecting on what he had done, Liam was surprised by his willingness to comply with Ethan’s request. Liam’s experience illustrates
a) central route persuasion
b) the fundamental attribution error
c) cognitive dissonance
d) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
d) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Felipe’s favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by __________ theory.
a) cognitive dissonance
b) attitude
c) role-playing
d) attribution
a) cognitive dissonance
The mental process people use to explain their behavior and the behavior of others is called
a) an attitude
b) the fundamental attribution error
c) an attribution
d) cognitive dissonance
c) an attribution
