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A and P Exam 2 > Exam 3 Questions > Flashcards

Exam 3 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following are functions of the urinary system? select all that apply.

a. removal of body wastes, excess water, and drugs and toxins
b. adjusting blood ion concentrations
c. break down food
d. adjusting heart rate
e. regulation of blood volume and pressure
f. pH buffer

A

a. removal of body wastes, excess water, and drugs and toxins
b. adjusting blood ion concentrations
e. regulation of blood volume and pressure
f. pH buffer

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2
Q

put the following structures in the correct order that urine passes through the urinary system, starting with formation of urine and ending with excretion.

  • bladder
  • kidney
  • urethra
  • ureter
A
  • kidney
  • ureter
  • bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

put the following vessels in the correct order that blood passes through the kidney starting when blood enters the kidney and eating when blood exits the kidney.

  • arcuate veins
  • cortical radiate arteries
  • arcuate arteries
  • blood supplied to nephrons
  • segmental arteries
  • cortical radiate veins
  • interlobar veins
  • interlobar arteriess
  • renal artery
  • renal vein
A
  • renal artery
  • segmental arteries
  • interlobar arteries
  • arcuate arteries
  • cortical radiate arteries
  • blood supplied to nephrons
  • cortical radiate veins
  • arcuate veins
  • interlobar veins
  • renal vein
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4
Q

put the following steps in the correct order of the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), starting with the signal to release ADH and ending with the action of ADH.

  • ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland
  • ADH causes increased numbers of aquaporin channels to be expressed and inserted into the distal collecting tubule and collecting duct
  • water is reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
  • a small volume of concentrated urine is produced
A
  • ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland
  • ADH causes increased numbers of aquaporin channels to be expressed and inserted into the distal collecting tubule and collecting duct
  • water is reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
  • a small volume of concentrated urine is produced
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5
Q

which urinary system structure transports urine from the bladder to exiting the body?

a. urethra
b. ureter

A

a. urethra

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6
Q

in which urinary system structure is urine formed?

a. bladder
b. kidney
c. ureter
d. urethra

A

b. kidney

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7
Q

jordan is 59 years old and is suffering from nephrolithiasis (kidney stones). kidney stones are solid crystal salts that form in the kidney over time. while she was fortunate that her physician could use ultrasound to break up the stones, she still needs to excrete them from her body. if a kidney stone is currently in a major calyx, where would it go next as it is being excreted from her body?

a. minor calyx
b. renal papilla
c. renal pelvis
d. ureter

A

c. renal pelvis

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8
Q

which of the following correctly lists the correct order of urine through and leaving the kidney?

a. renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
b. renal papilla, renal pelvis, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter
c. minor calyx, major calyx, renal papilla, renal pelvis, ureter
d. renal papilla, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

A

a. renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

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9
Q

which direction does a solute move if it is secreted?

a. from the ureter to the nephron
b. from the nephron to the blood
c. from the blood to the nephron
d. from the nephron to the ureter

A

c. from the blood to the nephron

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10
Q

which of the following statements about nephron functions is false?

a. reabsorption occurs in the descending nephron loop and secretion occurs in the ascending loop
b. reabsorption is the movement of solutes from the nephron to the blood
c. filtration only occurs in the glomerulus
d. reabsorption and secretion occur in the distal convoluted tubule

A

a. reabsorption occurs in the descending nephron loop and secretion occurs in the ascending loop

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11
Q

suppose that the macula densa cells have detected in a decrease in blood pressure in the glomerulus. what will occur immediately next?

a. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II
b. aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands
c. renin triggers the formation of angiotensin I
d. macula densa cells will secrete renin

A

d. macula densa cells will secrete renin

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12
Q

under which of the following conditions will filtration occur?

a. NFP<0
b. GHP<0
c. NFP>0
d. GHP>0

A

c. NFP>0

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13
Q

suppose that the descending limb of the nephron loop was altered such that it was now permeable to sodium and chloride ions. how would this affect the countercurrent multiplier?

a. less water reabsorption from the descending limb would occur, there would be a lower osmolarity gradient, and less concentrated urine would be produced
b. less water reabsorption from the descending limb would occur, there would be a lower osmolarity gradient, and more concentrated urine would be produced
c. more water reabsorption from the descending limb would occur, there would be a lower osmolarity gradient, and less concentrated urine would be produced
d. less water reabsorption from the descending limb would occur, there would be a higher osmolarity gradient, and less concentrated urine would be produced

A

a. less water reabsorption from the descending limb would occur, there would be a lower osmolarity gradient, and less concentrated urine would be produced

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14
Q

which of the following activities promotes water reabsorption from the descending limb of the nephron loop?

a. passive diffusion of sodium chloride ions out of the ascending limb
b. active transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the ascending limb
c. secretion of sodium and chloride ions into the ascending limb
d. secretion of sodium and chloride ions into the descending limb

A

b. active transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the ascending limb

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15
Q

which of the following statments about the nephron loop is false?

a. filtrate leaving the ascending limb is more dilute than filtrate entering the descending limb
b. the ascending limb actively transports sodium and chloride out of the nephron cells
c. the descending limb and ascending limb are both permeable to water
d. osmolarity increases as you move “down” the descending limb
e. osmosis cannot occur in the ascending limb

A

c. the descending limb and ascending limb are both permeable to water

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16
Q

which of the following would occur to attempt to restore homeostasis after a sudden drop in blood sodium levels?

a. increase in ADH secretion
b. decrease in aldosterone secretion
c. increase in aldosterone secretion

A

c. increase in aldosterone secretion

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17
Q

which type of tissue lines the lumen of the vagina?

a. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
b. stratified cuboidal epithelium
c. stratified squamous epithelium
d. transitional epithelium
e. simple columnar epithelium

A

c. stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

condoms are used to cover the penis to prevent fertilization occuring during sexual intercourse. if a condom is effective, which cell type(s) would be unable to form during oogenesis?

a. secondary oocyte only
b. polar body only
c. secondary oocyte, mature ovum, and polar body
d. mature ovum and a polar body
e. mature ovum only

A

d. mature ovum and a polar body

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19
Q

levonorgestrel, sold under the trade name Plan B, is an emergency contraceptive pill that acts to prevent pregnancy by preventing or delaying ovulation from occurring. which of the following could be the mechanism of action of levonorgestrel?

a. increases progesterone levels
b. increases FSH levels
c. decreases inhibin levels
d. decreases estrogen levels

A

a. increases progesterone levels

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20
Q

which of the following statements about the ovarian and uterine cycles is false?

a. body temperature is lower during the follicular phase than during the luteal phase
b. the menstrual phase occurs due to a rise in estrogen and progesterone levels
c. the endometrial lining of the uterus regenerates during the proliferative phase
d. inhibin levels rise more during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase
e. the secretory phase of the uterine cycle takes place during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A

b. the menstrual phase occurs due to a rise in estrogen and progesterone levels

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21
Q

which type of feedback loop dominates during ;abor?

a. positive
b. negative

A

a. positive

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22
Q

which type of tissue lines the lumen of the ductus deferens?

a. dense irregular connective tissue
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. simple cuboidal epithelium
d. areolar connective tissue
e. pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

e. pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

elephants, unlike humans, have internal testes that never descend outside of the body. which of the following structures would likely still play a major role in testes function and protection?

a. tunica albuginea
b. dartos muscle
c. tunica vaginalis
d. cremaster muscle

A

a. tunica albuginea

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24
Q

which male accessory gland secretes a milky alkaline fluid with clotting enzymes?

a. bulbourethral glands
b. seminal vesicles
c. prostate gland

A

c. prostate gland

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25
Q

which molecule is released by neurons to stimulate erection to occur?

a. nitric oxide
b. acetylcholine
c. epinephrine
d. carbon dioxide

A

a. nitric oxide

26
Q

which statement about the roles of the nervous system in the male sexual response is false?

a. the parasympathetic nervous system triggers blood vessels to dilate
b. the sympathetic nervous system triggers arousal to occur
c. the sympathetic nervous system triggers ejaculation to occur
d. the parasympathetic nervous system triggers nitric oxide to be released
e. the sympathetic nervous system triggers emission to occur

A

b. the sympathetic nervous system triggers arousal to occur

27
Q

which of the following correctly lists the stages of labor and delivery?

a. placental, dilation, expulsion
b. placental, expulsion, dilation
c. dilation, placental, expulsion
d. expulsion, placental, dilation
e. dilation, expulsion, placental

A

e. dilation, expulsion, placental

28
Q

which of the following changes in both males and females during puberty?

a. increased testosterone production
b. increased facial hair growth
c. increased estrogen production
d. increased sexual response

A

d. increased sexual response

29
Q

during which stage of development do muscles begin to develop?

a. neurulation
b. organogenesis
c. fetal period

A

b. organogenesis

30
Q

which statement about gastrulation is false?

a. gastrulation is the process of migration of the germ layers
b. gastrulation results in the formation of the placenta
c. the primitive streak forms during gastrulation
d. the product of gastrulation is the embryonic disc

A

b. gastrulation results in the formation of the placenta

31
Q

at which point during fertilization is the zygote formed?

a. when the sperm penetrates the corona radiata
b. when the sperm contracts the oocyte plasma membrane
c. during amphimixis
d. during cleavage

A

c. during amphimixis

32
Q

during which stage of development does the spinal cord begin to form?

a. neurulation
b. gastrulation
c. cleavage
d. fetal development

A

a. neurulation

33
Q

which of the following organs collects oocytes from the ovaries?

a. urethra
b. ureter
c. uterine tube
d. uterus

A

c. uterine tube

34
Q

which of the following organs is found in both the male and female reproductive systems?

a. uterine tubes
b. ovaries
c. testes
d. urethra

A

d. urethra

35
Q

which of the following statements about male hormones is false?

a. FSH stimulates interstitial cells to produce sperm
b. testosterone inhibits GnRH secretion
c. LH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland
d. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH production

A

a. FSH stimulates interstitial cells to produce sperm

36
Q

which statement about postnatal development is false?

a. muscle mass increases equally in males and females during puberty
b. adolescence begins at puberty
c. GnRH secretion promotes the start of puberty
d. the neonatal stage is the first postnatal life stage

A

a. muscle mass increases equally in males and females during puberty

37
Q

during which stage of development does hair formation take place?

a. organogenesis
b. fetal period
c. neurulation

A

b. fetal period

38
Q

which process in a chicken egg results in early cellular divisions of the zygote?

a. gastrulation
b. cleavage
c. neurulation
d. fertilization

A

b. cleavage

39
Q

which structure in a chicken egg provides nourishment and energy to the growing chick?

a. yolk
b. chorion
c. amnion
d. allanatois

A

a. yolk

40
Q

which layer of the developing embryo gave rise to biscuits beautiful feathers?

a. endoderm
b. ectoderm
c. mesoderm

A

b. ectoderm

41
Q

biscuits uses his nervous system as he is a very observant and intelligent rooster as he has to watch over and protect his flock of hens. which structure develops into the brain and spinal cord?

a. somites
b. neural tube
c. notochord
d. neural crest cells

A

b. neural tube

42
Q

which of the following best describes the function of the testes?

a. the testes produce testosterone only
b. the testes produce sperm only
c. the testes produce sperm and testosterone

A

b. the testes produce sperm and testosterone

43
Q

which of the following hormones follows a negative feedback pathway and acts on the hypothalamus?

a. LH
b. FSH
c. ABP
d. testosterone

A

d. testosterone

44
Q

which of the following correctly lists the stages of the male sexual response?

a. ejaculation, emission, arousal
b. ejaculation, arousal, emission
c. arousal, ejaculation, emission
d. emission, arousal, ejaculation
e. arousal, emission, ejaculation

A

e. arousal, emission, ejaculation

45
Q

if a male has a RISUG injection, which of the following would be present in his semen?

a. nutrients
b. clotting enzymes
c. alkaline fluid
d. fructose
e. sperm

A

a. nutrients
b. clotting enzymes
c. alkaline fluid
d. fructose

46
Q

if a male has a RISUG procedure performed, would he still be able to complete the male sexual response?

a. no
b. yes

A

b. yes

47
Q

which event of the ovarian cycle occurs immediately after a surge in LH levels?

a. development of the tertiary follicle
b. increase in progesterone levels
c. ovulation
d. formation of corpus albicans

A

c. ovulation

48
Q

About-to-be new parents Rochelle and Jackson are ready to welcome their new child to the world! But first the fetus needs to be delivered. Which is the correct order of structures that the fetus will pass through as it exits the uterus?

a. Uterine cavity, external os, cervical canal, internal os, cervix
b. Uterine cavity, internal os, cervix, cervical canal, external os
c. Uterine cavity, internal os, cervical canal, external os, cervix
d. Uterine cavity, internal os, external os, cervical canal, cervix

A

c. uterine cavity, internal os, cervical canal, external os, cervix

49
Q

Suppose a patient has a BCOP of 28 mmHg and a CHP of 12 mmHg. Select the minimum GHP which will ensure that filtration occurs from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule.
Responses

a. 60 mmHg
b. 16 mmHg
c. 40 mmHg
d. 41 mmHg

A

d. 41 mmHg

50
Q

which of the following statements about folliculogenesis is false?

a. thecal cells and granulosa cells secrete estrogen
b. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
c. the corona radiata is a protective structure around primary oocytes
d. primordial follicles are present in newborn females
e. tertiary follicles form during days 10 to 14 of the ovarian cycle

A

c. the corona radiata is a protective structure around primary oocytes

51
Q

which of the following statements about oogenesis is false?

a. the cytoplasm of primary oocytes is unequally distributed
b. rising FSH concentrations trigger the completion of meiosis I
c. oogenesis does not finish unless fertilization occurs
d. oogenesis proceeds uninterrupted starting in puberty
e. polar bodies are nonfunctional cells produced by meiosis I and meiosis II

A

d. oogenesis proceeds uninterrupted starting in puberty

52
Q

which of the following structures is most posterior?

a. prepuce
b. clitoris
c. urethra
d. vagina

A

d .vagina

53
Q

which hormone normally increases rapidly in concentration to trigger ovulation to occur?

a. FSH
b. estrogen
c. progesterone
d. LH

A

d. LH

54
Q

“the pill” acts to prevent ovulation from occurring due to maintaining high levels of progesterone. why would this prevent ovulation?

a. progesterone binds to follicles and prevents them from developing
b. progesterone forms a mucus plug that blocks the release of oocytes
c. progesterone inhibits the production of GnRH
d. progesterone catalyzes the hydrolysis of LH

A

c. progesterone inhibits the production of GnRH

55
Q

3,4-Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA), otherwise known as ecstasy, is an illegal drug that causes altered sensations and other neurological impairments. Ecstasy also acts as an antidiuretic. Which of the following would occur in someone who takes ecstasy and drinks a lot of water?

a. ADH would be released are they would still excrete large amounts of dilute urine
b. ADH would be released are they would excrete small amounts of concentrated urine
c. ADH would not be released are they would excrete small amounts of concentrated urine
d. ADH would not be released are they would still excrete large amounts of dilute urine

A

c. ADH would not be released are they would excrete small amounts of concentrated urine

56
Q

how does osmolarity change along the length of the renal medulla moving superficial to deep?

a. osmolarity decreases
b. osmolarity does not change
c. osmolarity increases

A

c. osmolarity increases

57
Q

if lithium salts lead to inflamed glomeruli, which nephron process would be affected?

a. excretion
b. secretion
c. reabsorption
d. filtration

A

d. filtration

58
Q

Patients that already have a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min are especially susceptible to drug-induced nephrotoxicity from lithium salts. Suppose a patient produces urine at a rate of 0.96 mL/min and has urine and plasma inulin concentrations of 37.9 mg/mL and 0.68 mg/mL, respectively. Is this patient at increased risk of drug-induced nephrotoxicity from lithium salts?

a. No
b. Yes

A

b. yes

59
Q

An adult elephant can urinate over 40 gallons in one urination event! Moreover, an adult elephant’s bladder can be up to two feet in diameter! Which type of tissue that lines the lumen of the bladder allows the bladder to expand and hold such a large volume of urine?

a. Stratified squamous epithelium
b. Transitional epithelium
c. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
d. Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

b. transitional epithelium

60
Q

which of the following correctly lists the order of urine transport through the urinary system?

a. kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra
b. kidney, urethra, bladder, ureter
c. kidney, bladder, urethra, ureter
d. kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

A

d. kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

A and P Exam 2 (2 decks)

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